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فوريكس ترادينغ ميد إز - استعراض تجارة الفوركس جعل إز هو من بين الأكثر شعبية وأفضل بيع برامج تداول العملات الأجنبية. فإنه يرشد على كيفية كسب المال مع تداول العملات. تجارة الفوركس جعلت نظام إز هو برنامج مدروس جيدا وبحث تطويرها من قبل جورج C. سميث، سابقا طيار الطيران. تجارة الفوركس جعل استعراض إز من قبل مختلف الخبراء التجاريين يصف أيضا أنها كاملة وسهلة الفهم برنامج تداول العملات. يمكنك قراءة الاستعراض التالي للتجارة الفوركس جعل إز أدناه لمعرفة المزيد عن هذا مدهش دليل التدريب الفوركس. تجارة الفوركس جعل إز على الانترنت هو دليل التدريب الذي تم بالفعل القيام بجميع أعمال البحث للمستخدمين. يتكون الدليل من المواد التعليمية في شكل 84 صفحة ملفات بدف و 12 أشرطة الفيديو التعليمي. مزيج من ملفات بدف وأشرطة الفيديو في تجارة الفوركس جعل إز ممتازة. يصبح من السهل جدا للتعلم وفهم عندما يشرح خبير التداول النظام في الفيديو التعليمي. هناك الكثير من أنظمة تداول العملات الأجنبية المتاحة في السوق ومعظمها تحتوي على نفس النوع تقريبا من الأدوات. ومع ذلك، فإنها لا تؤكد كثيرا على الإجراءات أو الخطوات التي تشرح كيفية استخدامها، وهذا يمكن أن يكون محبطا للغاية. النقطة الوحيدة التي تحدد فوركس ترادينغ ميد إز نظام بعيدا عن غيرها من البرامج التدريبية المتاحة هو أن يتم تقديم المعلومات في شكل بسيط جدا وسهلة الفهم. دروس الفيديو شرح جميع الخطوات اللازمة للنجاح في سوق الفوركس بما في ذلك المعرفة حول البرنامج وغيرها من الأشياء الأساسية بطريقة بديهية. يحتاج المستخدم ليس لديهم أي خبرة سابقة في أسواق تداول العملات الأجنبية لفهم النظام. نظام التداول الفوركس يجعل إز متاح في شكل رقمي ويتم تحميلها على الفور على الفور من الشبكة. لأنه يأتي مع 60 يوما ضمان استعادة الاموال. هناك نظام دعم عملاء البريد الإلكتروني لا يصدق لتجارة الفوركس جعل إز. نتمنى أن تكون قد استمتعت بالاستعراض المقدم أعلاه لنظام تداول الفوركس جعلت إز وساهمت في معرفتك عن نظام تداول الفوركس هذا. جورجي سميث فوركس ترادينغ صنع إز معدل المراجعة: لا يوجد تقييم حتى الآن ضمان: حاول لمدة 14 يوما ل 4.95. 60 يوما ضمان استعادة الاموال من كليكبانك جورج C. سميث هو دليل حي على أنك لا تحتاج إلى العمل على مؤسسة مالية لفهم كيف يعمل سوق العملات. إذا كنت تستطيع اتباع تعليماته، يمكنك تحقيق النجاح في تداول العملات الأجنبية أيضا. لذلك، ما هذا الطيار السابق لتقدمه لك تجارة الفوركس جعل إز مراجعة النظام يتم تسليم النظام في موقع العضوية التي يمكنك محاولة لمدة 14 يوما ل 4.95. الدروس تسليمها في شكل بدف والكثير من أشرطة الفيديو مفيدة حقا. في الأساس، سوف تهدف 20-25 نقطة من الأرباح يوميا من خلال العديد من الصفقات الفوز (نعم، سلخ فروة الرأس). يول تحديد فرصة من خلال النظر في الاتجاه على المدى الطويل في 15 دقيقة الرسم البياني، ثم تأخذ جزءا صغيرا من هذا الاتجاه باستخدام 5 دقائق و 1 دقيقة الرسم البياني. جورج يفضل اليورو مقابل الدولار الأميركي، ولكن يمكنك تنفيذ نظامه في حد كبير أي زوج العملات. الهدف اليومي الذي يقترح هو 5. إذا كنت تفعل الرياضيات، يمكنك جعل الاستثمار الأولي 500 إلى 1030 في 15 يوما. ثاتس 530 الأرباح في 15 يوما، ولكن هذا ليس كل نقطة. النقطة هي أنك مضاعفة أموالك في 15 يوما، وهو ما يعني 1000 سيكون 2،000 في الأيام ال 15 المقبلة و 2،000 سيكون 4000 في الأيام ال 15 المقبلة. رائع جدا هاه بالطبع لا يمكن أن يتحقق بسهولة كما الخسائر الصفقات أمر لا مفر منه. تحتاج إلى السيطرة على النظام وفهم السيطرة الذاتية الصلبة. 5 يوميا لا أكثر من ذلك. إذا كنت قد وصلت إليه، فإنك تتوقف عن التداول تلك القاعدة جورج تعيين لتجنب الجشع من تخريب الخطة. إذا كنت غير قادر، لا عرق لا أحد يستطيع السيطرة على السوق وحتى جورج نفسه كان أيام التداول سيئة. 8211 نظام التداول الذي يعمل 8211 دروس الفيديو المستمر وصفحات التداول اليومي 8211 مقالات تحفيزية وتجارية كبيرة في رأيي، فإن تحديد الهدف إلى 5 في اليوم قد يكون صعبا جدا على بعض الأشخاص. إذا كنت غير قادر على القيام بذلك حتى الآن، لا عرق عليه ومجرد التأكد من تحقيق أرباح متسقة كل يوم. هيريس بعض الفصول التي سوف تجد في الكتاب: إعداد متجر إدارة خطوط خط العرض بناء المخططات لدينا تحليل يوم التداول متوسط ​​الأرجوحة باستخدام حاسبة أوسكار جعل جهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص بك القيام نقطة الرياضيات ونصائح الشكل والخدع تجارة الفوركس جعل إز مراجعة الخلاصة و النظام هو نظام سلخ فروة الرأس جيدة مع هدف واقعي وإدارة المال لائق، ولكن عليك بعض الوقت لإتقان ذلك وحقا الحصول على أرباح حقيقية على أساس يومي. عموما، نظام تجاري كبير ل سكالبر. تحقق من تجارة الفوركس جعل إز إخلاء المسؤولية: فكسبيلد لن تكون مسؤولة عن أي خسارة أو ضرر ناتج عن الاعتماد على المعلومات الواردة في هذا الموقع بما في ذلك الاستراتيجيات واستعراض وسيط الفوركس. البيانات الواردة في هذا الموقع ليست بالضرورة في الوقت الحقيقي ولا دقيقة، والتحليلات هي آراء المؤلف. وهناك خطر كبير يتمثل في فقدان العقود الآجلة للسلع التجارية، والخيارات، ومنتجات العملات الأجنبية غير النقدية. الأداء السابق لا یشیر إلی النتائج المستقبلیة. قبل اتخاذ قرار بتداول الفوركس أو أي أداة مالية أخرى، يجب عليك التفكير بعناية في أهدافك الاستثمارية ومستوى خبرتك ومدى تقبلك للمخاطر. 0 مشاعل تويتر 0 فاسيبوك 0 لينكيدين 0 جوجل 0 filament. io مزيد من المعلومات 0 مشاعل 215Forex التداول جعل إز - مراجعة تجارة الفوركس جعل إز هو من بين الأكثر شعبية والأكثر مبيعا برامج تداول العملات الأجنبية. فإنه يرشد على كيفية كسب المال مع تداول العملات. تجارة الفوركس جعلت نظام إز هو برنامج مدروس جيدا وبحث تطويرها من قبل جورج C. سميث، سابقا طيار الطيران. تجارة الفوركس جعل استعراض إز من قبل مختلف الخبراء التجاريين يصف أيضا أنها كاملة وسهلة الفهم برنامج تداول العملات. يمكنك قراءة الاستعراض التالي للتجارة الفوركس جعل إز أدناه لمعرفة المزيد عن هذا مدهش دليل التدريب الفوركس. تجارة الفوركس جعل إز على الانترنت هو دليل التدريب الذي تم بالفعل القيام بجميع أعمال البحث للمستخدمين. يتكون الدليل من المواد التعليمية في شكل 84 صفحة ملفات بدف و 12 أشرطة الفيديو التعليمي. مزيج من ملفات بدف وأشرطة الفيديو في تجارة الفوركس جعل إز ممتازة. يصبح من السهل جدا للتعلم وفهم عندما يشرح خبير التداول النظام في الفيديو التعليمي. هناك الكثير من أنظمة تداول العملات الأجنبية المتاحة في السوق ومعظمها تحتوي على نفس النوع تقريبا من الأدوات. ومع ذلك، فإنها لا تؤكد كثيرا على الإجراءات أو الخطوات التي تشرح كيفية استخدامها، وهذا يمكن أن يكون محبطا للغاية. النقطة الوحيدة التي تحدد فوركس ترادينغ ميد إز نظام بعيدا عن غيرها من البرامج التدريبية المتاحة هو أن يتم تقديم المعلومات في شكل بسيط جدا وسهلة الفهم. دروس الفيديو شرح جميع الخطوات اللازمة للنجاح في سوق الفوركس بما في ذلك المعرفة حول البرنامج وغيرها من الأشياء الأساسية بطريقة بديهية. يحتاج المستخدم ليس لديهم أي خبرة سابقة في أسواق تداول العملات الأجنبية لفهم النظام. نظام التداول الفوركس يجعل إز متاح في شكل رقمي ويتم تحميلها على الفور على الفور من الشبكة. لأنه يأتي مع 60 يوما ضمان استعادة الاموال. هناك نظام دعم عملاء البريد الإلكتروني لا يصدق لتجارة الفوركس جعل إز. نأمل أن تكون قد استمتعت الاستعراض المذكور أعلاه من نظام التداول الفوركس جعلت إز وساهم في معرفتك حول هذا النظام تداول العملات الأجنبية.

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وحدة قناة سو. C. U. اتحاد مدنى. عقد زواج بين أشخاص من نفس الجنس. ما يسمى لأن العديد من المؤيدين اللازمة لتمرير قوانين صنع C. U.s كائن ممكن إلى وجود مثل هذه الاتحادات دعا الزيجات. يقولون إن السياسة تجعل من رفاقا غريبين. (قارن وتباين باكس و باك من أجل هذه المسألة). وقال السياسي بنيامين ديسرايلي لقد اعتقدت دائما أن كل امرأة يجب أن يتزوج، ولا رجل. وكان لويس فارنهام وهولي بوتربو معا منذ أوائل 1970s. في عام 1997، كانوا واثنين من الأزواج الآخرين والمدعين في دعوى ضد ولاية فيرمونت التي أدت إلى أول C. U. القانون. وفي كانون الأول / ديسمبر 1999، قضت المحكمة العليا في ولاية فيرمونتس بأن حرمان الزوجين المثليين من مزايا الزواج (وهم يبلغ عددهم 300، نجاح باهر) يشكل تمييزا غير دستوري. وفي نيسان / أبريل 2000، وبعد أشهر من المناقشات المريرة، مرت الهيئة التشريعية، ووقع المحافظ على قانون النقابات المدنية. عندما دخلت حيز التنفيذ 1 يوليو 2000، تزوج لويس وهولي. ثاتس غرامة بالنسبة لهم. ومع ذلك، في الكنائس في جميع أنحاء الدولة، والعرائس الأخرى لم يكن لديها مثل هذا الوقت المناسب منه. وأصبح يومهم الخاص يوما من المأساة الخاصة، كما قرر العرسان بأعداد كبيرة أن C. U. قد خففت قيمة الزواج. وكان بعضهم ببساطة لا يظهر، ذهب البعض خلال معظم الحفل ثم رفض أن أقول أنا أفعل. ومن بين عدد قليل من العرسان الذين سادوا للوفاء بالتزاماتهم، أصروا أكثر على وجود حفل تقليدي، الثاني في رينو، نيفادا، ورفضت لإكمال الزيجات حتى ذلك الحين. خارج الكنائس، كان الوضع أسوأ فقط. وقد شوهدت قوافل من الأزواج مثلي الجنس الزواج التفكير في الجري شمالا من جوثام. بالفعل، بدءا من المناطق الأكثر برودة في فيرمونتس قرى أكبر، والناشطون البيجاميون يحتجون بعنف على حقوقهم. في العديد من المدن، تم نهب الدولار الذي يمر حول كل فصل الشتاء لتسهيل النشاط الاقتصادي. كما ينحرف مروحة في الغابات والغزلان هي الشغب والرقبان ختم. حاكم عميد يرفض استدعاء الحرس الوطني، حتى مع تحول الجبال الخضراء الحمراء والملايين ذكرت القتلى حفظ لنا انقاذ لنا سو جامعة كولورادو. تأسست جامعة كولورادو في عام 1876 في بولدر، وتضم ثلاثة فروع فريدة من نوعها في أربعة مواقع بولدر. كولورادو، سبرينغس، قلب المدينة، دنفر، أنسشوتز، متطلب معالجة طبية، أرض الجامعة، إلى داخل، دنفر، كل، أجبر العظم، بالمقابلة، ال التعريف، مسرحي، الخلفية.، بسبب، ال التعريف، الجبال الروكي. وحدات اللون سو. المصطلح المستخدم في صناعة معالجة المياه العادمة. وكثيرا ما يحدث أن المياه التي هي آمنة تماما للشرب له لون أونابيتزيزينغ. الأمور تعمل بالطريقة الأخرى أيضا: في بعض الأحيان يتوقع الناس اللون ولن يقبل المنتج الذي يفتقر إليه. مثال على ذلك قد يكون المشروبات الغازية، والتي تحصل على الكراميل والملونات الغذائية الأخرى التي ليس لها تأثير على نكهة. في الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي، تمكن مصنع أبي كيميائي من إنتاج كميات كبيرة من الكلور كمنتج ثانوي غير مستخدم، لذا أحرقه بالهيدروجين، ثم قام ببيعه من خلال الماء، وبيعه حمض الهيدروكلوريك المعروف بحمض مورياتيك صناعيا (انظر هكل (أق) ). وكان الزبائن غير راضين عن هذا المنتج النقي للغاية لأنها توقعت حمضهم مورياتيك لتبدو وكأنها المنتجات منخفضة النقاء التي كانت تستخدم ل، والتي كانت البول الأصفر، أكثر أو أقل. لجعل العملاء سعداء، تم إسقاط مسمار الحديد في كل خزان النقل، والتي حلت في حامض وقدمت اللون اللازم. جامعة كولومبيا. في مدينة نيويورك. انهم لا فعلا استخدام سو كما اختصار أو أي شيء، ولكن ثيريس دائما المرة الأولى. اتحاد المستهلكين سو. منظمة تقوم باختبار السلع والخدمات الاستهلاكية وتنشر نتائج أبحاثها (في تقارير المستهلك). من حيث المبدأ، سو لا يقبل الإعلانات في نشره ويحظر - بقدر ما يمكن - استخدام نتائجها في الإعلان. تأسست أصلا مع جدول أعمال تقدمي أكثر نشاطا (مراقبة كلمة الاتحاد)، تصنيفات المنتجات المستخدمة لتكون مصحوبة بمعلومات عن سياسات العمل من الشركات المصنعة للمنتجات. لسنوات لم أتساءل أن المستهلكين كتب دون الفاصلة العليا. وحدة التحكم سو. النحاس رمز العنصر الكيميائي للنحاس، العدد الذري 29. في نفس المجموعة مع الفضة (أغ) والذهب. ولكن لا يحقق وضع المعدن النبيل. ولكن حتى العناصر المعدنية الأساسية مثل النحاس لديها صفحة خاصة بهم الآن. مسألة الحقيقة، بعض الناس مع الأذواق قاعدة أو دوافع لا يمكن أن أقول النحاس الأحمر والبني من الذهب الأصفر. عملت إيف حيث كان النحاس السائب يجب أن تكون مقفلة بعيدا عن اللصوص غير المتطورة ميتاليورجيكالي. ولعل الذهب يمكن حمايتها عن طريق وضع العلامات عليه النحاس الأصفر أو النحاس الناعم. كلمات الافتتاح من خطأ بريليانت: اعتقد انه كان ملك أمريكا. حسنا، اشتروا كوكا كولا تماما مثل النبيذ خمر. مرة واحدة عندما كنت شنقا في فينتورا وفان نويس، جاء طفل على دراجة وقدم لي صفقة: إذا ذهبت إلى الحلي وبيع هذه قلادة الذهب (على سبيل المثال له)، يمكنني الحفاظ على نصف السعر. في ألمانيا (.de)، محلات المجوهرات لديها علامات كبيرة أن قراءة سشموك. عندما يمشي رجل يصل إليك على شارع أتلانتا باكستريت ويسأل عما إذا كنت ترغب في شراء بندقية، والإجابة الصحيحة هي أنا لا تحتاج واحدة مع يد في جيبك. لقد اختبرت هذه النصيحة. النحاس هو معدن ناعم، غير مناسب لبنادق بندقية، على الرغم من أنها ليست لينة مثل الذهب. إذا كنت آلة بأسرع ما يمكن، أقول، الألومنيوم، ويأتي قبالة بشكل غير متساو ويهدم أداة مثل زبدة الفول السوداني. للحصول على المشورة ذات الصلة، انظر إدخال ثنائي الفينيل متعدد الكلور. لأغراض عملية، النحاس هو سبيكة لتشكيل النحاس أو البرونزية. ومنذ ذلك الحين حول العصر البرونزي. المزيد عن أخطاء خطأ الرائعة في دخول أبك، بطبيعة الحال. كلمات كاملة من الأغنية هنا. الدكتور النحاس هو مصطلح يستخدم بين المحللين الماليين لسعر النحاس عندما يعتبر مؤشرا رئيسيا لأسعار الأسهم. عموما، الدكتور النحاس هو برونوستيكاتور جيدة من الاتجاهات الاقتصادية والأسواق، وأحيانا. أحيانا لا. لدي عملة النحاس في جيبي هذا عن دقيقة كما أنا الوجه للحصول على المشورة. في ربع (91.67 بالوزن النحاس). العملة الأمريكية الوحيدة مسك اليوم أن ليس معظمها النحاس هو قرش، وهو كل الزنك باستثناء الطلاء الخارجي. سو نراكم. نسخة مختصرة من التعبير سوء أو حسنا أراك لاحقا. سف. BCNU. كوا وصول المستخدم المشترك. وحدة التحكم كواد أدرس المنطقي. كوبان اسم تافهة لأوكتان متعدد الحلقات (C 8 H 8) مع الكربونات وسنداتها في الزوايا وعلى طول حواف، على التوالي، من المكعب. أولا توليفها فيل إيتون وتوم كول في عام 1964. كوبك جامعة كامبريدج جسر نادي. كوب الاتحاد الائتماني بيئة الأعمال. (فيسيرف سوفتوار.) قدم مكعب يمكن إعطاء قدرات خزان الغاز (اعتمادا على السياق - وهذا هو مسرد الكاثوليكية) من حيث حجم المشار إليها في الضغط الجوي. وهكذا، على سبيل المثال، خزان الغوص عالية الضغط (ويقول 3500 يسي) وصفها بأنها 100 قدم مكعب لديها حجم الداخلية من 100 سو. قدم 215 (14.7 / 3500) 0.42 قدم مكعب كوبرك كالسبان-وب مؤسسة أبحاث. وضوحا مثل ستانلي كوبريكس اللقب. cubre - بادئة الاسبانية التي تعمل حول لاحقة الانجليزية - cover. كما يحدث، على الرغم من أن معاني المركبات عادة ما تكون واضحة، الاستخدامات لا تتزامن دائما. حتى أون كوبريكادينا هو حرفيا غطاء سلسلة (المعروف باسم حارس سلسلة)، و أون كوبريكاما هو بيدكوفر (أو المفرش، كلمة أكثر شيوعا إلى حد ما). عدم وجود بعض المركبات المقابلة يعمل على حد سواء: غلاف هو أوندا فوندا. هذا هو فقط كذلك، منذ زلة هنا ليس الاسم المعتاد. ولكن بدلا من ذلك يشير إلى أن الغطاء فضفاض. هذا يقودنا إلى نقطة أخرى، وهو أنه في حين تغطي وحدها يمكن أن تكون بمثابة اسم الإنجليزية، كوبر وحدها ليست اسما. هو الشكل الذي يعنيه أو هو أو هي تغطي من كوبير الفعل (لتغطية). الاسم المعتاد هو الإناث الماضي كوبيرتا المشاركة. (هذا الجزء من الجمع بين الذكور، كوبييرتوس يعني الفضيات.) جعل من هذا ما سوف، ولكن لا تسألني لماذا كوبر - الأسماء المذكورة أعلاه مذكر عندما الأسماء الحقيقية الوحيدة التي تحدث فيها (كاما، كادينا) هي من الإناث. (كوبري هو شكل لاقتران الأخرى. على وجه الخصوص كوبر لا كاما يمكن أن يكون الأمر غطاء السرير وكذلك الملاحظة أنه يغطي السرير، ولكن في أي حال من الأحوال لا يكون لها نوع الجنس.) في الإسبانية، والجمع ينبثق أحيانا حيث لا يتوقع غير الناطقين بها. ربما الأمثلة الأكثر شهرة من الجمعيات غير متوقعة هي تحيات مشتركة بينوس دياكوتاس و بيناس نوشس. وهذا يعني يوم جيد و ليلة جيدة (يتحدث إلى العديد من الأشخاص أو واحد). لن تكون مفاجأة جدا، ثم، لمعرفة أن الكلمات الجمع رسميا هي أكثر شيوعا (على سبيل المثال كوبريكاديناس) أو عن أنها مشتركة (كوبريكاماس) ككلمات المفرد رسميا. (أنها لا تزال المفرد الذكور المصطلحات، بالمناسبة). بطريقة أو بأخرى، وهذا يشعر فقط الحق، بنفس الطريقة الجمع أسماء أتبوتيف يشعر الحق في بريتس. أرى أن أون كوبريريداس شائعة إلى حد ما ل ويلكوفر، ولكن أظن أن لها مؤخرا قرض الترجمة من اللغة الإنجليزية. لاحظ أن المركب مذكر وفريد، على الرغم من أن رويداس هو المؤنث والجمع. هذا كل شيء مثير للاهتمام جدا، و إم تواجه صعوبة في الحفاظ على عيني مفتوحة جدا، ولكن السبب الذي أذكره هو أن إيم محاولة حل بعض الأسئلة المتعلقة حظر التجريد كلمة الإنجليزية. ثينكين بصوت عال، انظر أن حظر التجوال كلمة هو فساد مجمع فرنسي قديم أن الفرنسية الآن نوبات كوفري-فيو. الإيطالية لديها بناء مماثل، كوبريفوغرافيكو. هذه التركيبات تتطابق مع غطاء الحريق باللغة الإنجليزية (وهو ما يعني شيئا آخر تماما، إذا كان يعني شيئا واحدا) و كوبريفويغوس باللغة الإسبانية، وهو تعبير أكثر ندرة بكثير من حظر التجاوزات (كويك دي كويدا). كوبس، C. U.B. S. المواطنون، ب، البيسبول، إلى داخل، ال التعريف، إبتهاج. منظمة من المشجعين شيكاغو الأشبال التي أرادت أن تبقي الأضواء والألعاب الليلية من الفرق ريجلي الميدان، الملعب الذي تم بناؤه في عام 1914. تم أخيرا تركيب الأنوار هناك في عام 1988، و C. U.B. S. حلت بهدوء بعد بضع سنوات. رابطة جامعة كوكا جامعة كامبردج. كويربو برتو الإسبانية. حرفيا، جثة ميتة. في الاستخدام البحري، وهذا يعني رباط العوامة - من التشابه إلى الجثة العائمة، أفترض. تميل عوامات رباط إلى أن تكون مستديرة وأقل من العوامات الأخرى، لأنها لا يجب أن تسبب الضرر عندما تصطدم مرارا وتكرارا، وأنها لا توضع في المقام الأول للرؤية: العوامة رباط هو العوامة التي تدعم سلسلة رباط هذا يصل مرساة دائمة في الجزء السفلي من وهي عبارة عن جسد - مرة أخرى - من الماء، مما يسمح للقارب أن يرسو على المياه المفتوحة دون إسقاط مرساة الخاصة به. الكلمة الإسبانية كويربو، مثل الكلمة الإنجليزية الجسم، لديها مجموعة من المعاني التصويرية إلى حد ما، ولكن نطاق أوسع في الإسبانية. على سبيل المثال، بعض التعبيرات باستخدام السلك أو الجسم في اللغة الإنجليزية استخدام كويربو باللغة الإسبانية. في الكيمياء، حيث تم ترميز المركب في اللغة الإنجليزية، كويربو كومبوستو قد لا تزال تستخدم باللغة الإسبانية (على الرغم من كومبيستو أمر طبيعي بين الكيميائيين وغيرهم من العلماء مناقشة الكيمياء). ومع ذلك، في كويربو الكلام العادي لا يزال عادة ما يعني جسم الإنسان، على قيد الحياة أو ميتة. ما إذا كان الجسم ميت أو على قيد الحياة وعادة ما يسمح للذهاب غير محدد. إذا ذكرتم جثة (أون كويربو) مستلقية على الأرض أو مرتبة على كرسي سهل، فسيتم افتراض ذلك - غياب أدلة أو سياقات عكسية - أن تكون أكثر أو أقل ميتة. و عادة ما يكون الاستخدام مشابها لتلك المستخدمة في اللغة الإنجليزية، و عندما يلاحظ صراحة الجثة في اللغة الإسبانية، فإنها تقترح - على الأقل - على الممتلئ - ما هو الجسد الميت في اللغة الإنجليزية. أنا لست متأكدا ما معظم المتحدثين باللغة الإسبانية سوف تجعل من تيريبو كويربو (الجسم الدافئ). كويرفو الإسبانية. الغراب. حتى جوساكوت كويرفو يعني جو كرو. كوف C أولكتيون ديس U نيفرزيتاكوتس دي F رانس. واجهة المستخدم وحدة تحكم كوي. تتناقض مع واجهة المستخدم الرسومية (رسومية نفسه). قد نفترض أن هذا هو بديل ل كلي (واجهة سطر الأوامر)، التي شيدت إلى واجهة المستخدم الرسومية المتوازية، ولكن هذا ربما ليس الصورة بأكملها. يشير كل من كوي و كلي إلى واجهة مستخدم تستند إلى نص (أوي)، ولكن كلي عبارة عامة، في حين أن كوي هي في الأساس مصطلح ميكروسوفت لواجهة مستخدم تطبيق استنادا إلى نوع من نافذة المحاكي الطرفية التي تم إنشاؤها داخل ويندوز. كولغ كليفس دليل خطوط تحت الأرض. وهناك مجموعة من صفحات الويب غير الرسمية ولكن موثوقة تصف نظام مترو أنفاق لندن والسكك الحديدية المستقلة في منطقة لندن - السكك الحديدية دوكلاندس الخفيفة وكرويدون تراملينك (لا هي جزء من لندن النقل، على الرغم من أن دلر كان ليكون). CUL8R نراكم لاحقا. اللغز. كومتد شامبين-أوربانا (إيل) منطقة النقل العام. توسع متراكمي يعرف التوسع المركب بواسطة أقواس زاوية بدون حرف يشير إلى متوسط ​​عادي. معادلة الترتيب حسب الترتيب في التوسعات بين الجانبين، نجد المرء تعبيرات متعاقبة عن المتراكمات من حيث المتوسط ​​العادي لقيم الاختلاف S: التراكمي الثالث والرابع هما مقاييس الانحراف والتفرطح، على التوالي. أما بالنسبة للتوزيعات الغوسية، فإن التراكم الأول والثاني فقط هو غير صفري. توسعات كومولانت غالبا ما تكون مفيدة لأن التوزيعات قد تكون غاوسية تقريبا ولها توسعات متراكمة تسقط بسرعة مع زيادة الطلب. ومن الممكن إنشاء توزيعات لا تحتوي إلا على مجموعات فرعية محددة من الركام غير الصفرية، في حين أن اللحظات العادية للتوزيع كلها غير صفراء لأي توزيعات أكثر تافهة. تحدث توسعات الكمولانت في ميكانيكا الكم والميكانيكا الإحصائية لأنها تنطوي على أسي من هاملتون. هاملتون. إذا كنت لا تعرف وتؤخر الوقت لمعرفة ما هو عليه، هو عادة الطاقة المعبر عنها من حيث (ربما المعمم) الزخم وتنسيق المتغيرات. بالنسبة لنظم التذبذب بالقرب من التوازن، هاميلتونيان هو التربيعية في اللحظة والإحداثيات، وبالتالي فإن المتوسطات التي يتعين تقييمها هي أساسا غاوس. كوتا دي ميركادو حصة السوق باللغة الإسبانية. كوب مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، التي تأسست في 1534، لديها الآن خوادم في المملكة المتحدة وفي الولايات المتحدة كوب الشلل أوكسوريال المعدي. A ترانزميسابل للغاية ولكن لحسن الحظ مرض غير موجود. ولكن فقط في حالة، ثيريس قائمة الحجر الصحي. كوبا كلية والجامعة جمعية الموظفين. النحاس النحاس (النحاس) فثالوسيانين. موصل غير لامع. نعم، النحاس هو معدن، لذلك حصلت على ذرات من عنصر معدني، ولكن المادة نفسها، مثل أكسيد النحاس، ويقول، هو الصلبة الجزيئية، وليس المعدن، والكيميائية أنه ليس لديها الربط المعدني. لكنها تجري. واحد ممكن إجراء الركيزة ل توليد s. كوبس العدوى أوكسوريال متلازمة الشلل. واحدة من العديد من الأسماء ل كوب. (متلازمة ستيبورد ليس واحدا منهم.) كوبسا كاسا أونيدا دي بوبليكاسيونيس. سبانيش التي يمكن ترجمتها كما دار النشر الموحدة. ويبدو أنها موحدة من الوجود. حتى الآن كنت قادرا على تحديد، وكأس التحرير (الاسم الذي يفضلون بدلا من واحد في الترتيب التقليدي، الذي كان قد تم تحرير كأس) كان في الأصل ناشر مستقل مقرها في مدريد، وأيضا نشر في ميكوتكسيكو، D. F. وبحلول عام 1977 يبدو أنها كانت جزءا من التحرير بلانيتا (برشلونة)، وبحلول التسعينات لم تنشر كتب جديدة تحت بصمة كوبسا. كور معدل استخدام الكربون. اختصار صناعة معالجة المياه العادمة. كور المقاطعات المتحدة للبيئة الريفية. الكتاب المقدس الغريب اسم مشترك رأس المال لأي الكتاب المقدس المعروف عن خطأ كبير أو خيار غريب من الصياغة. وفيما يلي بعض الأمثلة، مع النصوص التي أدت إلى أسماء والنسخة المعيارية كف (1611) نسخة (حتى الصيغة القياسية التي يمكن أن تبدو غريبة جدا الآن). الكتاب المقدس المؤخرة (الطبعة الأولى، على الأقل، من الكتاب المقدس جنيف): سفر التكوين 3: 7: كف: وعيون كلاهما فتحت، وكانوا يعرفون أنهم كانوا عراة وخياطة أوراق التين معا، وجعلوا أنفسهم مآزر. غرائب: . جعلت أنفسهم المؤخرات. الكتاب المقدس المقدس (قضية الكتاب المقدس العظيم، نشرت لأول مرة في 1539): إرميا 8:22: كف: هل هناك بلسم في جلعاد لا يوجد طبيب هناك لماذا ليست صحة ابنة شعبي تعافى الغرابة: هل هناك لا ترايل في جلعاد. (التراكل هو دبس السكر). الكتاب المقدس الزاني (قضية من كف): خروج 20:14: كف: أنت لن تزوج الزنا. الغرابة: عليك ارتكاب الزنا. ذي باسكيتفول من الأخطاء، a / k / a الخل الكتاب المقدس (طبعة من كف هو الناشر جون باسكيت) الكتاب المقدس): ملاحظة هامشية مطبوعة في لوقا 20: كف: المثل من الغرابة الكرم: المثل من الخل كثير أكثر هي المدرجة في ويكيبيديا إدخال الكتاب المقدس إراتا. إيم أخذ أمثلة من A. إدوارد نيوتونس أعظم كتاب في العالم وأوراق أخرى (1925) ومن مارتن غاردنرز المشروح أليس: الطبعة النهائية (2000). هناك بعض التناقضات الطفيفة، التي سوء محاولة لفرز في وقت لاحق، بين هذه المصادر ودخول ويكيبيديا. وتسمى أيضا الأناجيل التي تحتوي على أخطاء تحول المقاصد المقصودة في الوصفات الطبية، مثل المثال الثالث أعلاه، أو التي تجعل من الأخطاء الشائنة بالمثل، الأناجيل الشريرة. كورل، حليقة اتحاد (معظمهم من البريطانيين ومعظمهم) مكتبات أبحاث الجامعة. ويضم الأعضاء الأربعة والعشرون اعتبارا من عام 2003 مكتبة أيرلندية (كلية ترينيتي دبلن)، والمكتبة البريطانية، والمكتبات الوطنية في اسكتلندا وويلز. تحويل العملات محول العملات أواندا سوف يحسب تبادل ما يصل إلى التاريخ، لديها البيانات التاريخية التي تمتد إلى عام 1990، وبعض الخدمات الأخرى، ولكن لا يتعامل مع المواصفات. برنامج يسمى تبادل (الناس يحصلون حقا البرية والإبداعية مع العلامات التجارية) يعمل على جهاز الكمبيوتر الخاص بك (أو أن، إذا لم يكن لديك جهاز كمبيوتر). ثيريس همم. وصلة ميتة. يجب أن يكون قد فشل في جعل اسم لنفسه. يتم سرد العملات بأسماء اللغات العادية (الدولار الأمريكي، الخ) على محول العملة إيناتوس. القائمة قصيرة، ولكنها تمثل شيئا قريبا من العرض الفعلي (من العملات مباشرة). ثيريز آخر من ترافيلفيندر. والتي سيكون من دواعي سرورنا أن نقدم لكم الخدمات الأخرى المتعلقة بالسفر. وهي تحتوي على حقل إدخال النص طويل (خمسة عشر رقما)، لأولئك الذين يحبون أن يحلم وأولئك الذين يجب التعامل مع التضخم المفرط. تذكر. التغيير أمر لا مفر منه، إلا من آلة البيع. - بار ليجونوفود (وربما آخرون) يوفر تحويل العملات مارتيو التحويل بين العملات الأوروبية في أوائل القرن الثامن عشر، وذلك باستخدام أسعار صرف 1709. رموز العملة الرموز الدولية للعملات هي جزء من معيار معين إسو 4217. عادة، رموز العملة للعملات الوطنية هي التي شيدت من خلال اتخاذ حرفين إسو 3166 رمز البلد وإلحاق الحرف الأول من العملة: وبالتالي أوسد. CAD. ين، ديم. فرف، نوك، وهكذا. هناك استثناءات، العديد منها بسبب إدخال عملات جديدة (التي تحتاج إلى رموز جديدة) لها أسماء مماثلة. (انظر أرس على سبيل المثال.) المفوضية الأوروبية (ثم الاتحاد الأوروبي) لا (حتى الآن، في كل من الحواس) كونها بلد، فإنه ليس لديه رمز البلد. لا يسمح بمدونات البلد التي تبدأ ب X، لذا فإن الرمز الذي يبدأ في X هو رمز بلا بلد - ما هو مطلوب فقط. وكان زيو رمز العملة المعتمدة ل إكو (مع U للوحدة، على ما يبدو). يتم استخدام رمز أولي يليه رمز كيميائي (يتم رسملته بالكامل) لتمثيل كل معدن ثمين: شاو، زاغ، سبت للذهب والفضة والبلاتين، وما إلى ذلك. عندما تم استبدال وحدة نقدية أوروبية باليورو، حصلت العملة الجديدة على الرمز ور ، الذي يطيع القاعدة التي هيشا لا لي، هيشا لا ترامبا. (ترجمة فضفاضة، وهذا يعني أن جميع القوانين تأتي مع الثقوب حلقة مثبتة مسبقا.) الاتحاد الأوروبي هو الآن على قائمة محجوزة من البادئات إسو-4217. وهناك أيضا علامة اليورو، الذي يشبه البديل كوتيكوت عادة ما تستخدم ل هو عنصر من علامة، ولكن مع السكتة الدماغية الأفقية تضاعف أو إذا كنت تفضل، مثل C و أوفيرستروك. اسم اليورو من المفترض أن تكون هي نفسها في جميع اللغات، ولكن يتم تحويل 1/100 اليورو (سنت، سنتيمي، ليبتون الخ). لعينات مكتبة وظيفة يونكس للسيطرة على الشاشة من برنامج C. جدار الساتر جدار لا يدعم السقف. عادة ما يشير إلى جدار خارجي. مركز كوس للدراسات الحضرية. في الواقع، يبدو أنها لا تستخدم هذا الاختصار. ويشيرون إليها بعبارة سينتر. هذا هو ما يأتي من اختيار على عجل جدا اسم لمنظمات تلك. ط ط ط. فقط فحص الرابط اليوم (7 مايو 2003). لطيفة عرض فلاش دراماتيكية من الكلمات جامعة الجاموس مركز للدراسات الحضرية أدخل. وهو يذكرني بعرض الشرائح الدراماتيكية لدى القادة الذين يستنسخون في ودي ألينس سليبر. (ملاحظة: يستغرق الأمر بضع ثوان للارتباط إنتر بالدفء. إلا تكنولوجيا فلاش كبيرة لا إضاعة الوقت الشعوب الأخرى ما كل شيء عنه) المركز هو عضو في وا. كورل أيضا. كوسب كندا - شراكة الولايات المتحدة. منتدى ثنائي لموظفي الجمارك والهجرة والمسؤولين عن إنفاذ القانون. اعلن ذلك فى مؤتمر صحفى مشترك للرئيس الامريكى. كلينتون و كندي بيإم كرياكوتيتيان في أوتاوا، 8 أكتوبر 1999. كوس سلانغ ولهجة العين لعنة (عادة الفعل). كت الدائرة تحت الاختبار. قطع تجعد في الجلد بين اثنين من انتفاخ العضلات. ويقال أن هناك شخص مع الكثير من التخفيضات لتكون ممزق. تحصل على فكرة أن بناء الجسم يجب أن يكون نوعا من رياضة الدم. إحدى الطرق الشائعة للحصول على مزيد من التخفيضات بسرعة للمنافسة هي تشديد باستخدام مدرات البول. يذكرنا كيف استخدم المقاتلين للتنافس تحت فئة وزنهم الطبيعي، عن طريق التعرق قبالة جنيه قبل وزنه (الذي حدث قبل يوم أو يومين قبل النوبة). مباشرة بعد إجراء (الوزن) قطع، وسوف تبدأ المقاتلين الجرعات أنفسهم مع أول أكسيد الهيدروجين (دمو) من أجل أن يتم استردادها للنوبة. يتم سرد هذه الانتهاكات وغيرها من دمو في هذه الصفحة من دمرد. كوتا جمعية النقل الحضري الكندي. مؤتمر كوتغ من معلمي الجامعة الألمانية في بريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا. الاسم السابق للمنظمة يسمى الآن رابطة الدراسات الألمانية في بريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا (أغس)، ك. القاطع أمناء المكتبات ل كتر رقم. هناك يجب أن تكون مزحة في الاختزال اللفظي لقطع. ولكن لا أستطيع التفكير في ذلك. ربما كنت خمنت أن عدد القاطع. وبالتالي القاطع. هو اسم. لقد رأيت القاطع تستخدم كفعل، ولكن يحدث قطع جروند في مصطلح مزدوج القاطع (استخدام اثنين من القواطع وهذا في نهاية المطاف إلى أن أوضح بشكل كامل في دخول عدد القاطع). رقم القاطع رمز أبجدي رقمي صممه تشارلز آمي كوتر. أو رمز مماثل. تستخدم الرموز الشائعة في الغالب حرفا واحدا أو حرفين (الأول دائما في الحالة العليا) متبوعا برقمين عشريين أو ثلاثة (يتبعها اختياريا حرف واحد أو أكثر عادة من الأحرف الصغيرة). يتم تعريف هذه الرموز من قبل الجداول القاطع. (ومع ذلك، يتم عادة إضافة الحرف الثاني، أو الحروف التالية لعدد، محليا على أساس مخصص، وربما لا تكون جزءا من عدد القاطع.) القاطع هو عادة مكتوبة في حالة أقل (وخاصة من قبل نونكاتالوغويرز) لأن كوتر نفسه ينسى في الغالب، والاسم في سياق مكتبة يشبه بعض الاستخدام المباشر غامض قليلا من اسم مشترك. وتستخدم أرقام القاطع في المقام الأول لترميز أسماء المؤلفين والعناوين، وتستخدم بعد رمز تصنيف الموضوع مثل رقم لك. معا، تصنيف الموضوع واحد أو اثنين من القواطع وعادة ما تكون كافية لبناء عدد رفوف فريدة لعمل معين، ولكن لا تميز مختلف طبعات من نفس العمل. وهكذا أصبح من الشائع إضافة سنة النشر بوصفها العنصر النهائي في عدد الرفوف. وبالمثل، تتلقى المسلسلات المفهرسة بشكل منفصل رقما قياسيا أو سنة. ويتمثل أحد الأهداف الهامة للفهرسة في تعيين أرقام الرفوف التي تبقي أعمالا متشابهة ومتصلة ببعضها البعض. في بعض الأحيان يؤدي هذا إلى استمرار استخدام القواطع التي لا تعد مناسبة. على سبيل المثال، هنا في مكتبة هيسبورغ في نوتردام، قسم المراجع يحتوي على بند بعنوان كاسيلز الفرنسية قاموس، مع تسمية على العمود الفقري الذي يقرأ المرجع. بيسي 2640.L837n 1978. والسبب هو أن طبعة 1881 الأصلية، وفقا لصفحة العنوان من نسخة محاصر المتداعية، وكان الفرنسية والانكليزية قاموس جمعت من أفضل السلطات في كلا اللغتين من قبل البروفيسور دي لولم والاس، وهنري بريدجمان ، منقحة، وتصحيحه، وموسع بشكل كبير من قبل البروفيسور E. روبود، بكالوريوس (باريس). تم تعيين القاطع على أساس اسم دي لولم. ومن المثير للاهتمام، طبعة 1881 لديها عدد رفوف بيسي 2640.L75 1881. القاطع هو مختلف قليلا (L75 بدلا من L837n)، وربما بسبب من وقت لآخر، والمكتبات تغيير الجداول القاطع. (المزيد عن ذلك في إدخال تطور عدد القاطع). كما يحدث، لم يتم ذكر دي لولم في أي من الإصدارات اللاحقة التي تمتلكها المكتبة حاليا، مما يجعل من الصعب أن نرى كيف تم اختيار L837n لتوفير أي استمرارية. قيل لي أن دي لولم ذكر في طبعة 1930 (التي لم نعد نملكها). دي لولم من هذا القاموس في وقت مبكر كاسيل يتم التعرف على نطاق واسع مع جل دي لولم (جل تقف على جان لويس وجون لويس)، الذي توفي في عام 1806. (انظر، على سبيل المثال، هذا الإدخال في ورلدكات.) تحديد بعض المعقولية، منذ دي لولم كان بلغتين اللغة الإنجليزية الفرنسية (ولد في جنيف 1840 أو 1841، ذهب الى انجلترا في 26)، ويبدو أن الشخص البارز الوحيد من هذا الاسم. هيس الوحيد دي لولم أو ديلولم، فيل سيم. وورد في المراجع الأكثر شمولا، بما في ذلك 46 المجلد نوفيل بيوغرافي جاكوتيناكوتيرال من 1860، قاموس أكسفورد للسيرة الوطنية (دخول فهرس هنا)، والطبعة الحادية عشرة المقدسة من موسوعة بريتانيكا (ولكن ليس المتظاهر الحالي). لا غراند إنكلوبياكوتيدي لديه مدخل ل لولم (جان لويس دي) وكذلك دخول أقصر ل ديلولم (جان لويس)، لا عبر عن الإشارة إلى الآخر. على الأقل أنها لا تتعارض مع بعضها البعض كثيرا (توفي 10 يوليو (الخطأ المطبعي) أو 16). نادرا ما يذكر دي لولم في الموسوعات الصغيرة (أو في أي مكان آخر، لهذه المسألة)، ولكن في ذلك الوقت كان مترجما هاما من الأفكار الفرنسية والإنجليزية إلى الإنجليزية والفرنسية على التوالي، وأثر على بعض من واضعي الدستور الأمريكي . ككاتب من الكتيبات والكتب في انكلترا، كان شعبيا من الأفكار مونتيسكويوس في اللغة الإنجليزية عمله الأكثر نجاحا، ودراسة للدستور الانجليزي، وكان مع هيمس تاريخ إنجلترا المصدر الرئيسي لأفكار الفلسفة من الدستور الإنجليزي. من ناحية أخرى، لا يمكن العثور على أي سجل من أي وقت مضى قد جمعت أي قاموس، وكان أبدا أستاذ في أي مكان. إذا كان هذا لقب المجاملة، كان واحدا باهظة على الأدلة من له لا الدستور دي لانجليتير. وقال انه لم يكن مطمئنا حول الدقة. ومع ذلك، قد يكون قد فعلت مجرد وظيفة قذرة الأولى من القاموس الفرنسي. في أوقات مختلفة، وقال انه يمكن بالتأكيد استخدمت المال. تطور عدد القاطع لأسباب مختلفة، وأحيانا دون سبب، مكتبة سوف تغير الجدول القاطع الذي يستخدم لبناء أرقام الرفوف. حدث تغيير رئيسي مع نظام الفهرسة في الفهرس في مكتبة الكونغرس (المزيد في إكيب). وبموجب هذا النظام، بدأ الناشرين في مرحلة ما تحديد أرقام الرفوف الخاصة بهم - وليس فقط تصنيف الموضوع (رقم لك المناسب) ولكن أيضا القاطع، استنادا إلى بعض الجدول القاطع المشترك. العديد من المكتبات التي تستخدم أرقام الرفوف على أساس تصنيف لك الآن استخدام عدد الرفوف المقترحة من قبل الناشر، بدلا من بناء الخاصة بهم، وهذا كان له تأثير تبديل الجداول القاطع في العديد من المكتبات. على سبيل المثال، مكتبة هيسبورغ (في جامعة نوتردام) يستخدم الآن أرقام سيب. ونتيجة لذلك، يتم تجميع بعض الكتب تحت اثنين أو ثلاثة أرقام القاطع مختلفة. هذا ملحوظ بشكل خاص (بالنسبة لي، على الأقل) في QC16 و QD22 (السير الذاتية للفيزيائيين والكيميائيين). الجدول القاطع الجداول التي تحدد رسم الخرائط من سلاسل أبجدية رقمية عامة في أرقام القاطع. الجداول كتر في الفهرسة هي الكثير مثل وظائف التجزئة في تصميم قاعدة البيانات. الدالة هاش هو ضغط خسارة من مدخلات سلسلة عامة نوعا ما إلى مخرجات ثابتة أو ذات طول محدد. وهناك هدف مهم في تحديد وظيفة التجزئة هو تقليل الاصطدامات. وهذا يعني، واحد يريد وظيفة التجزئة التي هي في الواقع عن طريق الحقن (أي واحد إلى واحد)، أو ربما حقن صارم لنطاق معين من الحجج. الطريقة العملية لتحقيق هذا هو أولا لجعل وظيفة سورجكتيف (على) النفايات لا، لا تريد. أبعد من تلك الخطوة الأولية، الاستراتيجية هي مستوى الحمل: كل قيم التجزئة تعيينها مع احتمال متساو. دون أي نموذج دقيق جدا لتوزيع الاحتمالات الحجج الدالة التجزئة، والطريقة إلى مستوى الحمل هو جعل الخريطة الفوضوية. وهذا هو، لجعل قيمة التجزئة وظيفة حساسة بشكل رائع من الحجة، بحيث يتم تجميع أي تجميع أو تركيز قيم الحجة في رذاذ واسع من قيم التجزئة. ومن هنا تجزئة الاسم. معايير تصميم الجداول كوتر مماثلة لتلك لدالات التجزئة، لأن الهدف هو بناء المدمجة ولكن منفصلة رفوف الأرقام. وهناك فرق هام هو أن أرقام الرفوف الفوضوية تعتبر غير مرغوب فيها. (يتساءل المرء عما إذا كان بورخيس لديه ما يقوله عن هذا.) ومن هنا، فإن جداول القاطع ترسم الحروف القليلة الأولى من سلسلة رتابة في فضاء الرموز، مع تعيين رموز أكثر لسلاسل أولية أكثر شيوعا. في كثير من الأحيان، لا سيما في فهرسة الخيال، واحد يميز أعمال مؤلف بإضافة الحروف الأولية من العنوان بعد عدد القاطع للمؤلف. حافة القطع حافة القطع من إزميل مباشرة في تقريب الأول، ولكن يجب أن تقريب حافة القطع قليلا لإعطاء أفضل العمل القطع. تلميح واحد فقط (في التسمية التوضيحية إلى الشكل 300) من الفصل 7، الأزاميل و تشيبينغ، في نظرية المحل. طبعة منقحة، أعدتها إدارة نظرية المتاجر، مدرسة هنري فورد التجارية، ديربورن، ميشيغان (لندن ونيويورك: ماكجرو هيل، 1934، 1941، 1942)، p. 45. الفصل 15 من هذه الصفحة-تيرنر بعنوان، مع التقليل مهيب، جيرينغ. كنت تعتقد إم المزاح، ولكن الرياضيات من تصميم والعتاد، وأشياء مثل منحنيات مطوية، وبقي مرة واحدة أفكار عقول كبيرة. كوف كروس-فائدة مركبة. ويبدو أن سيارة التوسعة المشتركة بين المرافق كانت شائعة في أواخر التسعينات (لم تكن هذه الفئة موجودة حتى عام 1997 أو نحو ذلك)، ولكن اعتبارا من عام 2011، أصبحت مركبة المرافق كروسر أكثر شيوعا. كوياهوغا مقاطعة ووادي (مع حديقة وطنية وخطوط السكك الحديدية ذات المناظر الخلابة) في ولاية أوهايو. ثيريز مدينة كوياهوغا شلالات (يويف حصلت على أن أعجب مع بلدة الصفحة الرئيسية التي تدعو حمام السباحة ناتاتوريوم). ثيريس أيضا نهر كوياهوغا، الذي يمر عبر مدينة أخرى في المحافظة. تلك المدينة الأخرى هي كليفلاند. يبدو أن نطق أوهايو كوياهوغا يجب أن تكون نهائية أو موثوقة أو شيء من هذا. حروف العلة ونمط الإجهاد من كلمة تتزامن مع إعطاء هذا الرجل توجا. C-V، كف السعة الجهد. A رقاقة / تقنية اختبار الدائرة. لأن السعة من موس-C (معدن أكسيد أشباه الموصلات مكثف) يعتمد على سمك منطقة استنفاد، وهذا بدوره يعتمد على كثافة دوبانت، وقياس السعة في حين تجتاح ببطء في الجهد هو وسيلة لتحديد خصائص كثافة دوبانت كما وظيفة من العمق. كف C يب V إرد رمز اسم المجال. السيرة الذاتية القلب والأوعية الدموية. كما هو الحال في أحداث السيرة الذاتية و الأمراض القلبية الوعائية. كف متغير كاتاكليسميك (نجمة). وعقدت في يلوستون حلقة عمل عن السير الذاتية في عام 1997. كف الترميز الانتهاك. أخلاقيات للمترجم الأصولي. كف معامل التباين. مقياس إحصائي يعرف بأنه نسبة الانحراف المعياري إلى المتوسط. This is not an especially useful statistic for distributions of quantities that may be nonpositive. CV Commercial Vehicle. CV Composite Video. CV Constant Velocity. I just dropped 450 on two CV joints and a right front axle damaged because I waited too long to do the first repair. The car is aging so fast now, its gaining on me. Gary says I might as well resign myself to its expensive steepening decline and write out a few post-dated checks to the shop. Just the other day, I stopped to help a couple of women pushing their car off the road. Whats the problem Oh, I think a CV joint broke. Oh, I understand, I have a Honda too. CV Control Valve. CV Curriculum Vitae . Latin. course of life. Also Vita (life). More on the Latin at the AM entry. In his diary for January 16, 1922, Franz Kafka meditated upon something very like a breakdown, in which it was impossible to sleep, impossible to stay awake, impossible to endure life, or, more exactly, the course of life. CV Cyclic Voltammogram. Electrochemistry abbreviation. Never knew it. CVA CerebroVascular Accident. A stroke. راجع TIA. CVA Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum . CVB, CampVB Convention and Visitors Bureau. CVC Current-Voltage Characteristic. CVC Coalition for Vehicle Choice. (Sounds like a lobbying organization to soften fuel economy standards some federal constraints were imposed as overall limits on fleet emission -- this doesnt prevent a manufacturer from making any guzzlers, but does limit the fraction of total sales that these may constitute.) CVC Conserved Vector Current. CVCC Compound Vortex-Controlled Combustion, perhaps. The acronym is Hondas trademarked name for a stratified-charge engine technology that doesnt seem to involve vortices as a means of control. Some efforts to stratify engine charge (the fuel-air mix admitted through an intake valve) do attempt to use vortex motion, but the CVCC doesnt. CVCR Central Valley of Costa Rica. CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition. A method of film growth in which all materials to be deposited are present in a vapor phase above the deposition surface. Distinguished from PVD. in which deposition materials arrive from their source in beams. In other words, the distinction between CVD and PVD is essentially that between mean free paths smaller and greater, respectively, than the chamber dimensions. The term CVD pointedly excludes film growth in which some component of the grown film is a reactant from the growth substrate. Thus, growth of oxide and nitride layers on silicon have the specific names of oxidation and nitridization, and both in fact are pyrolysis (the reactions burn--oxidize in the chemical sense of changing the oxidation level--the substrate silicon). In CVD oxidation and nitridization, on the other hand, additional silicon is supplied in the gas phase, typically in silane or dichlorosilane) vide SIPOS and silicon nitride. Applied Materials sells CVD systems for industrial application. Visit their CVD product page (link here is to their lower-graphics page they seem to have a slow or busy server). CVD is used extensively to grow epitaxial layers of compound semiconductors. In this application it is called MOCVD or (more descriptively) MOVPE. In Britain and Anglophiliated places, however, CVD is Chemical Vapour Deposition, probably something completely different. CVD ConVert to Decimal. IBM -360/370 assembly mnemonic. CVF Capacitance-Voltage (characteristic versus ) Frequency. CVI Chemical Vapor Infiltration. CVISN Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks. Quite the buzzword in trucking. CVJF Christlichen Vereine Junger Frauen . Young Womens Christian Unions. German YWCA s. CVJM Christlichen Vereine Junger Maumlnner . German YMCA. CVL Copper Vapor Laser. Used to generate optical-light pulses as short as six femtoseconds, last I recall. CVM Christian Veterinary Mission. I have faith this means theyre finally admitting that animals have souls. CVMA Cleveland Veterinary Medical Association. In existence since at least 1902 while Ive seen indications that it is still active in the twenty-first century, I cant find a website for it. See OVMA. AVMA. CVO Commercial Vehicle Operations. CVS Chorionic Villi Sampling. Surgical extraction of a tiny amount of fetal tissue, normally performed between the ninth and eleventh weeks of pregnancy. There is a 1 to 2 risk of miscarriage following the procedure. Amnio is safer and more common, but cannot be performed as early as CVS. CVS Computer Vision Syndrome. 90 of those spending 3 hrs or more per day headaches, stiff neck, tired or dry eyes, blurry or double vision. We got trouble Right here in River City CVS Constant-Voltage Stress. CVS Consumer Value Store. The original name of a store that opened in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1963. It was the first in what became a large chain of pharmacy and general merchandise stores, the acronym long since sealed. Judging from my extremely limited experience in northern Indiana and northern New Jersey, CVS has more of its stores open all night. I never studied the thing in detail, but I have the impression that OTC pharmaceuticals and other health-related goods tend to be a bit cheaper at CVS, while other prices are a little lower at Walgreens. OSCO/Jewel used to have the best prices in my area, but they pulled out of the region and sold stores off to CVS. I cant imagine that their price point had anything to do with their decision to pull out. There are no Rite Aids convenient to me. There are still a few stores without customer loyalty systems (you know -- discount cards that allow a store to monitor your purchases and feed you coupons only for things you dont normally buy, that sort of thing), so nowadays I avoid CVS, Walgreens, Rite Aid, and other stores that do have them. CVSA Commercial Vehicle Safety Alliance. CVSD Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation (DM ). CVT CardioVascular Technologist. CVT Chemical Vapor Transport. CVT Continuous Variable Transmission. CVUT Ceske Vysoke Uceni Technicke v Praze. I think thats it Im having problems with ISO Latin-2 (ISO 8859 -2). Czech Technical University in Prague. CampW Cable amp Wireless. Wouldnt it be a lot clearer if they called that Wireline and - less Okay, maybe not. Its actually the old Ma-Bell-type monopoly in many Caribbean islands, providing phone and Internet services in a selection of countries, and now finding out all about deregulation as it simultaneously tries to reposition itself as an IT company. CW Cancer Watch. This is taking voyeurism too far. CW CBS-Warner. The CBS Corporation and Warner Brothers Entertainment, at the beginning of 2006, operated the UPN and WB television networks. Those two had been launched separately in January 1995. Viewership, never comparable to that of the big three or four broadcast networks, was sagging at both networks after a decade. On January 24, 2006, the owners announced that the two would be merged. Technically, the two older networks ceased operations and a new separate entity called the CW Television Network was created as a 50-50 joint venture of Time Warner and CBS Corporation. (Wikipedia delves into the corporate details.) The new network began broadcasting in September 2006. The CW (The New CW for its first year) continued airing some of the content that UPN and WB had aired. CW Classical World . Continues the earlier title Classical Weekly. Its the journal associated with the Classical Association of the Atlantic States (CAAS ) catalogued by TOCS-IN. It was called Classical Weekly until 1957, but the U. S. Post Office insisted on a name change, claiming that weekly was deceptive because it wasnt published when school was not in session ( viz. . 83ummer and other holidays). But theres less see below. CAAS chose World in part to keep the same initials. Hey, Mr. Postmaster General, psst Have you ever heard of a man named Ed McMahon YOU ARE ALREADY A WINNER. هممم. My comments above regarding the USPS were based on mailing-list posting from someone whos been involved with CW. Shes usually accurate, but the name change must have been a bit before her time, and perhaps it was fair to demand it. The journal was published under the title of Classical Weekly from Oct. 5, 1907 to May 20, 1957. Those fifty volumes comprised numbers 1 through 1227. That amounted to 24.54 issues per year, or almost one issue per fortnight, averaged over the calendar year. Since the primary and secondary school years in US public schools conventionally have 180 class days, there are a bit over 36 weeks per school year, so the Weekly averaged 0.68 issues per school week. Thats not too terrible, especially allowing for a publication schedule that only began in October ( i. e., about a month into the school year). In fact, those coarse-average numbers hide a reality of slow decline in publication frequency that seems -- prima facie, I should say -- to reflect the declining popularity of Latin study in the schools. Before getting into the history of the latter decline, however, I should note that the actual amount of published text per year in CW has remained about constant or increased its simply been published in bigger chunks. Volume 93 (first issue September/October 1999) was the last to be bimonthly. Its been quarterly since then. Its only fair to warn you that the rest of this entry is tedious, even by the standards of this glossary, or of the first part of this entry. I gathered a lot of data and it turned out to be of no interest whatsoever, but I would feel bad if I didnt use some of it for something. Thats one of the reasons for this glossary: to have something to do with that kind of information, so I dont feel so bad about having collected it in the first place. Through the end of volume XX (which had 27 issues), there were 557 total issues, or about 27.85 per year. From issue XXI to XXXIII (the latter had xxvi issues yes, I must use Roman numerals, dont you see), there were 434 issues, for an average of about 26.38. Volume 34 also had 26 issues, and right through the war years (vols. 35 to 38, 1941-1945) there were 25 issues per school year. Oddly, it was only in the April 29, 1946, issue that the publishers made this announcement: Because of the difficulties under which printers are laboring these days by reason of shortage of skilled help and materials, a few issues of the current Volume of The Classical Weekly will be omitted. Hence this will be the last regular Number, with the exception of the Index Number (22), which is expected to appear in the fall. (Capitalization and boldface sic. Ive spared you the small-caps.) Volume 40 also had 22 issues, and for the final ten Weekly years, there were 16 issues per year. This was typically described by a formula such as published weekly from mid-November for sixteen issues, except for any weeks in which there is an academic vacation. (The formula often changed slightly from one year to the next.) They found rather a lot of academic vacations. c/w Combined With. Or maybe Coupled With, or anything with an equivalent meaning and the same initials. Used to designate the B side of a 45 rpm record without actually calling it the B side. Equivalently and more commonly b/w (backed with). The only single in history to have two number-one sides was Elvis Presley s quotDont Be Cruelquot c/w quotHound Dog. quot See this Cecil Adams column for related vinyl reminiscences. Elvis Costello s 2002 album is When I Was Cruel. cw, CW Continuous Wave. Among laser jockeys this means not pulsed . Among ham operators this means Morse code . CW Conventional Wisdom. Uninformed opinion. CampW Country and Western (music). See ACM entry for both. CWA Civil Works Administration. A relief program dating to 1933, FDR s first year in office. CWA Clean Water Act. CWA Communication Workers of America. A union with a very catholic and energetic unionization effort. CWA Construction Writers Association. An organization of almost 300 professional journalists, publicists, photographers, public relations professionals, and other communicators in the construction industry. CWC Canadian Women in Communications. CWC Center Weight Control. Not widely available for people. CWD Chronic Wasting Disease. A spongiform encephalopathy of North American cervids (hoofed ruminants the males characteristically have antlers), with mule deer, white-tailed deer, elk, and moose the most common hosts. Like other spongiform encephalopathies, CWD is believed to be caused by prions. q. v. In the US, the disease is more common in the west, but it has been found in New York State and West Virginia. CWG Constant-Wear Garments. A kind of long underwear worn by astronauts. CWI Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica. National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands. CWR Charge-to-Weight Ratio. The ratio of explosive charge weight to total weight of a bomb. The three main categories of bombs used by the RAF in WWII were G. P. (General Purpose, CWR 30-35), M. C. (Medium-Capacity, CWR 40-50), and H. C. (High-Capacity, CWR 75-80). CWR, cwr Continuous Welded Rail. CWS College World Series. An NCAA - sponsored late-83pring playoff tournament for American college baseball teams. CWS Collision Warning System. CWSS Community Water Supply Survey. CWS, C. W.S. Community Water System. Cwt. cwt. Hundredweight. ( C for Latin centum .) About a hundred pounds exactly one twentieth of a ton, so a Cwt. (long) is 112 lb. (8 stone ), and a Cwt. (short) is 100 lb. cx (Domain name code for) Chr istmas Island. cy (Domain name code for) Cy prus. Cy Short for Cyrus, pronounced like Sy (/sai:/). cyanoacrylate gel adhesive Superglue. Cygnus Support Makes free software affordable by offering support and some customization of freeware products -- primarily gcc. Reconstructive surgery and talk therapy for an ugly duckling The link is to an entry that is initially about the use of X to represent the word cross. It has some interesting stuff about Charing Cross from a book of Samuel Butler (the much younger one). Those arent all scare quotes, you know. Please remain calm. Please remain calm Anyway, on account of all the Charing Cross content that doesnt really belong there, that X entry is a bit crowded, so Im going to put some other thoughts I had here. Samuel Butlers work Erewhon is divided into books. This usage is a carry-over from the time when works (like the Bible) were divided into separate codex volumes or scrolls (or not). Describing the largest subdivisions of your work as books instead of parts, even though two or more such books are intended to be bound in a volume, is old-fashioned -- a kind of affectation. Its still done, but it is what linguists call a marked ( i. e. . meaningfully nonstandard) usage, like scattering Elizabethan words in ones otherwise, methinks, modern English (a speaker using such a mode of speech is said to be using a different linguistic register). JRRT divided his purposely (but slightly) archaized LOTR into six dreary books. (And the six books constituted three volumes: The Hobbit The Fellowship of the Ring, the Two Towers, and the Return of the King. and Silmarillion and Bored of the Rings . Nobody enjoyed any of those books, but they were so enormously popular that peer pressure forced everyone to read them. And now theyve been turned into enormously popular movies. Will this torture never cease) Now where was I Oh yes -- The book mentioned at that X entry is The Book of Machines. It has a nice sort of technologically ecclesiastical sound. It reminds me of something I cant remember the name of right now, but I promise to look it up when I get home. (Ill -- Ill make a note of it. Somehow.) It also reminds me of Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), where a Book of Armaments is described. (I didnt rip off Yogi Berra. My enormously popular comments above paid tribute to his observation of the place so crowded that no one went there any more. That quote is so widely used that I cant google an authoritative version.) CXC Caribbean eXamination Council. Hey, lets all go examine the Caribbean Okay, seriously CXC sets school-leaving exams for high schools in the Caribbean. CY Calendar Year. Nowadays, in most places, that means January 1 to December 31 of the Gregorian calendar, but it hasnt always been thus. The Gregorian calendar was first promulgated by the Roman Catholic Church in 1582, and was immediately adopted in Catholic countries. Protestant countries (or duchies, principalities and tiny little specks of territory, in the case of Germany and some other areas of Europe) adopted the new calendar gradually over the coming centuries, and Orthodox countries did not adopt it for secular use until late in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth century. (The Russian revolution rather accelerated the process.) The Orthodox liturgical calendar continues to be based on Julian reckoning, and eastern churches celebrate holidays about two weeks later than western ones. The Department of Internet Ministries of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America offers a service called Iconograms. which enables you to send a message to a loved one or friend in celebration according to the Orthodox calendar of a name day, feast day, or sacrament. England switched to the Gregorian calendar in the 1740s or so. Under the Julian calendar, the new year began on March 25 or thereabouts (you expect me to look this stuff up), so March 20, 1730 fell one week before March 27, 1731. The new year was moved up to January 1 at the same time that the date was shifted to Gregorian. Thus, for example, George Washington, who was born on February 11, 1731, Old Style, had a birthdate of February 22, 1732 after the switch. In fact, he always celebrated February 11 as his real birthday, one day before Lincolns birthday. Nowadays, we celebrate both days on a Monday -- Presidents Day. I dont no if that gets an apostrophe. Because of the phase shift in year, dates in the first quarter of the year (New Style) could be ambiguous. To avoid confusion, people would write January 15, 1751/1752, meaning the date that was January 15, 1752 New Style, or January 4, 1751 Old Style. By the 1760s I think everyone was reading from the same New Style page and the double-year notation was abandoned. Old and New Style were usually abbreviated (O. S.. N. S. ). CY Container Yard. For containerized shipping. CYA College Year in Athens. Take four or five courses (13 or 16 credits) per semester (language of instruction is English). Tuition in AY 2000-2001 was USD 10,200 per semester. It seems to be more of a college semester in Athens. CYA Cover Yours. cyanogen A pseudohalogen: (CN) 2 . Like the halogen s (in the modern sense of elements in the period of fluorine ), the dimer gas dissolves in water to produce monovalent anions. (There are other similarities, but theyre not mentioned in this entry because this entry is short.) cyber - This now-popular prefix is not a Greek root, but a piece of one, abstracted from the word cybernetics. q. v. (I neednt mention that cyber - means something like having to do with computers, or possibly other information technology. If the prefix is to continue to be at all useful when imbedded computing and wireless integration are ubiquitous, its meaning will have to be restricted to mean something more like exhibiting highly context-dependent behavior -- i. e. . a kind of sophisticated cybernetical.) Cf. cyborg. nom de cyber. cybermuffin This word has at least a couple of meanings. I encountered one definition in Marco Perellas Adventures of an Unhyphenated Actor, (New York and London: Bloomsbury, 2001). هممم. Let me check that. Okay, its Adventures of a No Name Actor. What ever. I also mention this book in the entry for do a book. but since Marcos not a big-name star, its not mentioned until far down the entry after various marquis names, including even that of the late Molly Ivins, who wrote the foreword ( cf. forward ). Perella was hired to staff an IBM booth at SIGGRAPH 2000, and his definition of cybermuffin occurs as an aside in the story of his misadventures there. Heres the definition (from p. 177), spiffed up a bit to meet our high lexicographic stadnards: Cybermuffin /sigh bur MUFF in/ n. A curvaceous young woman in a short skirt, hired by a software company to sit on a stool in front of its booth and pass out literature to hordes of panting geeks lt cyber muffin. Despite the impeccable provenance, I was skeptical. Id have thought that definition would go with cybertart . The word cybermuffin suggests stud-muffin. Do these people really understand their breakfast cybercarbs Yet I ventured out on the web, and was surprised to discover only two pictures of cybermuffins, both female, although one was from ConventioCon II (an MST3K convention) and the other was a rabbit or similar animal. (I did get a lot of hits for Cybertart, an Australian outfit that sells shlocky clothing accessories.) Investigating further, I found an old David Barry column entitled You Have to be a Real Stud Hombre Cybermuffin to Handle Windows . This involves at least two-plus-epsilon reentrant levels of irony, but I think Dave nailed the meaning of cybermuffin precisely. cybernetics This word is usually (and often) described as having been coined by the American mathematician Norbert Weiner (1894-1964). Here is a typical retelling of the story, from pp. 145-6 of Jason Epsteins Book Business . Weiner coined the title of his best-seller viz. . Cybernetics . (1948) whose first two syllables have since become ubiquitous and lost their meaning, from the Greek word for steersman. His idea was that self-regulating feedback mechanisms in search of equilibrium are analogous to the steersman adjusting his tiller in response to the flow of air and water, the weight and balance of the boat, and other unpredictable variables. Epstein goes on to draw implicit moral lessons. The later editions (1961, 1965) of Weiners surprising best-seller had a longer title: Cybernetics: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine . His other successful popular book was The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society (1950). Weiner certainly believed that he was coining a new word, but -- doesnt anybody ever look in a dictionary The word already existed in Ancient Greek ( kybernecirctikecirc . art of steering), and had been used in various ways in the modern era, so Weiners may be regarded as a re - or re-re-coining of the word. Along with the multiple recoinings, there have been a number of differing definitions. The meanings tend to cluster or overlap, but there is a surprising outlier, explained at the cybernetic warfare entry. cybernetic warfare A nefarious activity of the World Communist Conspiracy (you know: the vast left-wing conspiracy), as understood by American anticommunists of the 1950s and 60s. The word cybernetics was defined in this context as the science of giving controlled doses of propaganda to a broad sector of the population without their knowledge Slightly to the Right . p. 19. I think this term was created more to inject some freshness into the discussion of propaganda than to make a useful distinction. cyborg CYBernetic ORGanism. A human with at least one noticeable and highly sophisticated prosthetic device, particularly if the device has a mind of its own. Its interesting to recall the Greek etymon of organ and organism . organon . meaning tool. cycad A plant that grows in the Scrabble tablelands and also in tropical regions her on Earth. The plural form is cycads . but if youre missing a D, hey, no problem. Cycas is an accepted alternative (plural cycases ). CYL See You Later. This is used, but is deprecated in the programming sense. (I mean deprecated in the programming sense of the word deprecated . not deprecated in the programming sense of -- oh, never mind) Use CU. CYLOR Consult Your Local Orthodox Rabbi. (Also: ordained rabbi.) Same as AYLOR. CYM Common abbreviation for Shakespeares play Cymbeline. CYMK Huh I never heard of this. Could you be thinking of Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and blacK (CMYK ) cynicism Absence of delusion. The word cynicism has a negative connotation in English, and probably in most languages with a cognate of the word. That is not surprising, in view of its etymology (for which, see the entry for Diogenes of Sinope ). A cynic is regarded as not just jaundiced and suspicious of others motives, but (perhaps in consequence) manipulative, scheming, dishonest. Argentina. however, is different. My Argentine friend Laura, visiting the US, met my clear-sighted pessimist friend Robert, an American. Later she told me she thought he was very cynical. I passed along the compliment to Robert, and then I was forced to explain to him that from an Argentine, ciacutenico is a compliment. Avivado is another word whose different use in Argentine Spanish is indicative of a different mindset, but it doesnt have an SBF entry yet. (Look it up in a dictionary of argentinismos .) Perhaps Argentines are not entirely unique. Here is some equivocal usage from Simon Jenkins, in a July 21, 2011, option piece in the Guardian, wrote this: The chancellor, George Osborne, showed impressive cynicism in abandoning his opposition to a quottwo-speedquot Europe and demanding that the eurozone move swiftly to fiscal union -- with Britain firmly outside. Only such a union, he said, would discipline the debtor nations and thus avoid bank anarchy that would spill over into the British economy. Britain would have no part in any rescue, but it relied on the eurozone to continue on its path to ever closer union. Cynical Osborne may be, but he is right in his historical analysis. The single currency bound the politics of Europe with hoops of steel. Osborne wants those hoops to tighten further, to trap the 17 eurozone countries in a realm of unaccountable federalism, a fiscal rigidity that he must know will eventually snap. . The attempt to impose fiscal union on all Europe will bring its demise. But where Osborne and his brand of scepticism are wrong is in so obviously willing this demise. When monetary union reaches breaking point and unravels in an orgy of xenophobia, Britain will not be immune from the chaos. CYP CYtochrome P450. CYT CYTosine. A pyrimidine nucleic acid. CZ Canal Zone. A broad swath of territory across the Isthmus of Panama. From the 1830s on, varying degrees of control over increasing amounts of territory were granted by the Colombian government in contracts with mostly American and French companies proposing to build a canal, railroad or new road across the isthmus. The contracts were eventually bought by the US government, which turned over control of the canal and the CZ to the government of Panama at the end of 1999. See ACP. cz (Domain name code for) Cz ech Republic. Ariadne. The European and Mediterranean link resource for Research, Science and Culture, has a page of national links. CZ CZochralski (growth, - grown wafer). Pulled crystal. Method developed by Teal and Little at ATampT for Ge. Shockley amp Read experiment demonstrated that single crystals had minority carrier lifetimes at least 10215 greater than polycrystalline semiconductor. Since current gain in BJTs depended on long carrier lifetimes of minority carriers in the base, single crystal growth proved worthwhile. It has continued to be worth the cost of the extra growth steps for almost every semiconductor technology since that time. Teal later went to TI and set up a group to pull silicon crystals. This was technically more challenging than pulling Ge, and for years TI had a monopoly on Si devices. Czochralski first developed the method to pull metal crystals. CZF Canadian Zionist Federation. The name since 1967 of what had been the Zionist Organization of Canada (from 1925), which had been the Federation of Zionist Societies of Canada, created in 1899 as an umbrella organization for local groups that had begun to form the previous year. The main purpose of Zionist organizations is to encourage Jewish emigration ( aliyah ) to Israel. Thus, one of the unusual difficulties faced by Zionist organizations is that they lose their most active members. who do aliyah . (At least nihilists understand that they have to stick around for the good of the unconverted. See also the related Roe Effect .) So after a while, the ones left are those who, yeah, uh, next year in Jerusalem, uh, but not right now. (Kind of reminds me of Augustines youthful prayer: Give me chastity and continence, but not yet.) C1 First Cervical vertebra. C2 Second Cervical vertebra. C2C Coast To Coast AM. An overnight talk show with enthusiastic interviews with people bringing news of the other dimensions, electronic sound effects from the other side (see G. I.S. ), alien abductions, exorcisms, and various other mostly unknown phenomena. The host is sympathetic and curious, and very fascinated or worried by the astounding news (as appropriate), but not especially critical. He is respectful of his guest, and trusts their expertise implicitly hes the ultimate straight man. The websites logo for the show reads Coast to Coast with George Noory (pronounced George NOR-ee), but its a seven-nights-a-week show Art Bell often fills in. Look its not just nutty theories. Its unproven nutty theories, so you should suspend judgment. C2C Customer-2 - Customers. Like a lot of what goes on at ltamazon gt. C2W, C178W Command and Control Warfare. C3 Third Cervical vertebra. C3, C179 Command, Control, and Communications. Also expanded Command and Control Communications. General Curtis LeMay, once head of SAC. used to say Without communications, the only thing I command is my desk. C179 has been superseded by various C 3 - somethings and C 4 somethings. Just as a reference point, I saw C3 in the Annual Defense Department Report, FY 1977 . submitted to Congress by outgoing US Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld on January 27, 1976. (Why does that name ring a bell) C3CM Command, Control, and Communications CounterMeasures. C3I, C179I Command, Control, Communications amp Intelligence. The word order reflects the priorities of the military. C3ID Center for Children with Chronic Illness and Disability. Part of the Institute for Health and Disability. As of 2004, it seems to have changed its name or disappeared. C4 Channel Four in Britain. C4 Command, Control, Communications, and Comput . C4 Controlled-Collapse Chip Connection. Often where one expects an expansion of this phrase, one gets flip-chip solder connection. C4 Fourth Cervical vertebra. C4I Command, Control, Communications, Computing amp Intelligence. C4IEIW Command, Control, Communications, Comput , Intelligence, and Electronic and Information Warfare. C4ISR Command, Control, Communications, Computing Intelligence. Surveillance, amp Reconnaissance. C5 Fifth Cervical vertebra. C-5, C-5A US military designation for a a couple of transport airplane models. (I guess the C is for Cargo .) C6 Sixth Cervical vertebra. C7 Seventh Cervical vertebra. And there aint no more. Thumb tabs and search tool SBF Homepage Space above was intentionally left free of glossary definitions so that links to bottom of document can appear at the top of the screen display. Over a month ago. when observing (from as far away as possible) the farce of Marti Shkrelis attempt to squeeze KBIO shorts in the context of the infamous Joe Campbell who was short KaloBios only to suffer a 100K margin call overnight when Martin Shkreli bought a 70 stake in the company, we wrote: Which brings us back to Joe Campbell and his now famous margin call: did he liquidate enough other assets to cover the margin call What about the hundreds of other shorts who piggybacked and shorted at the close yesterday only to wake up with comparable massive margin calls And what happens if Shkrelis plan is indeed to rerun the Volkswagen scenario and unleash an epic short squeeze that sends the price of the company into the stratosphere, unlinked from any fundamentals . but merely soaring ever higher as desperate shorts pay any price just to get out. We hope to find out, as suddenly this until recently bankrupt company whose price has exploded in the past two days, has become not only a poster child for everything broken and manipulated with the market (think 2014s CYNK one year forward) but has the market following with morbid fascination to find out how the tragicomedy of Shkreli vs the Shorters concludes. We now know how the story ends: less than two months after KaloBios had commenced liquidation proceedings, only to be saved in the last moment by a Martin Shkreli liquidity injection, the company is right back in bankruptcy court having just filed for Chapter 11 creditor relief in Delaware bankruptcy court. This takes place a week after it lost two more directors and the Nasdaq stock market decided to delist its shares. In its bankruptcy filing, KBIO lists 8.4 million in assets and 1.9 milion in debt. How did the companys truncated board decide on a Chapter 11 filing From the filing: Effective as of this 29th day of December, 2015, pursuant to a special telephonic meeting on the same date, the board of directors (collectively, the 8220Board of Directors8221) of KaloBios Pharmaceuticals, Inc. a Delaware corporation (the 8220Corporation8221), upon a motion duly made and acting pursuant to the Corporation8217s organizational documents, took the following actions and adopted the following resolutions: WHEREAS . the Board of Directors has considered information regarding the liabilities and liquidity of the Corporation, the strategic alternatives available to the Corporation, and the impact of the foregoing on the Corporation8217s business and WHEREAS . the Board of Directors has had the opportunity to consult with the Corporation8217s management and financial and legal advisors to fully consider each of the strategic alternatives available to the Corporation and WHEREAS . the Board of Directors has been presented with a proposed petition to be filed by the Corporation in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware (the 8220Bankruptcy Court8221) seeking relief under the provisions of chapter 11 of title 11 of the United States Code, 11 U. S.C. 167167 101 et seq. (as amended, the 8220Bankruptcy Code8221) and WHEREAS . the Board of Directors desires to approve the following resolutions NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED . that in the judgment of the Board of Directors, it is desirable and in the best interests of the Corporation, the creditors of the Corporation, and other interested parties that a voluntary petition (the 8220Petition8221) be filed in the Bankruptcy Court by the Corporation to initiate a bankruptcy case (the 8220Chapter 11 Case8221) under the provisions of chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code Thus ends KaloBios turnaround in progress - two months after it was dragged out of bankruptcy by Martin Shkreli in an attempt to crush the companys shorts and unleash a massive squeeze, Kalobios is again, well, bankrupt. The full filing is below: In the wake of 2008, it8217s probably safe to say there isn8217t a person alive who completely trusts a banker. If, however, you happen to be dead, it8217s more difficult to scrutinize the activities of those conducting your finances, a fact underscored by the alleged theft of hundreds of thousands of dollars from at least eight accounts belonging to deceased clients of JP Morgan. According to an indictment filed this month in State Supreme Court in Brooklyn, Jonathan Francis and Dion Allison, employees at a Bedford-Stuyvesant branch, made hundreds of withdrawals from the accounts using ATM cards they issued. One of those charged told investigators he used the log-on IDs of co-workers when they walked away from their desks, Bloomberg reports . As The New York Times goes on to recount, 8220Mr. Allison, 30, and Mr. Francis, 27, created bank cards for several of the dormant accounts and with two friends, Gregory Desrameaux, 24, and Kery Phillips, 40, the men then withdrew most of the stolen money, about 300,000, by using A. T.M. s around New York City.8221 (from left: Francis, Allison, Desrameaux) But it gets worse. Here8217s more from The Times : In April 2013 alone, members of the group made withdrawals on 26 of 30 days, according to the indictment. One night at a Chase branch at Nostrand and Church Avenues, they withdrew 1,000 from one account 49 seconds later, group members took out 1,000 from a different account. By May of that year, people in the group had created fake power of attorney documents. That gave Mr. Phillips control of four of the dormant accounts . Adam Zion, an assistant district attorney, said in court on Monday. This allowed Mr. Phillips to withdraw much more money than the daily A. T.M. limit, up to 9,500 at a time, through a teller. In another example of the scheme, in February 2013, according to the indictment, Mr. Allison created a bank card for one account. That May, at a Chase branch on Flatbush Avenue, Mr. Phillips turned in fake power of attorney documents giving him control of the account. The same day, prosecutors said, Mr. Phillips withdrew through a teller 49,929.91 8212 everything that remained 8212 from the account. The four face charges of conspiracy, grand larceny and falsifying business records and could face up to 15 years in prison if convicted. Allison was arraigned on Monday. Francis denies the allegations as does Desrameaux. Phillips is in the wind apparently. As others have noted, this isnt the first time JP Morgan employees have stolen from customer accounts. Earlier this year, Michael Oppenheim, an investment adviser, was charged with stealing 20 million from seven of his clients while Peter Persaud, who also worked at a Brooklyn branch, allegedly sold client account numbers, Social Security numbers, and DOBs to an undercover agent. So while you can apparently still go to jail for robbing clients the old fashioned way, JP Morgan, like its bulge bracket brethren, can count on token fines and wrist slaps for rigging FX markets, diverting excess deposits to massive curve trades in off-the-run CDS indices, and other instances of more innovative highway robbery. And the punchline to the whole story: it comes courtesy of weak internal procedures meets Washingtons grossly inefficient bureaucracy: While prosecutors believe most, if not all, of the account holders have died, benefit checks continued to be deposited because of faulty reporting to the Social Security Administration. Martin Shkreli, the boyish drug company entrepreneur, who rocketed to infamy byjacking up the price of a life-saving pill from 13.50 to 750, was arrested by federal agents at his Manhattan home early Thursday morning on securities fraud related to a firm he founded. Shkreli, 32, ignited a firestorm over drug prices in September and became a symbol of defiant greed. The federal case against him has nothing to do with pharmaceutical costs, however. Prosecutors in Brooklyn charged him with illegally taking stock from Retrophin Inc. a biotechnology firm he started in 2011, and using it to pay off debts from unrelated business dealings. He was later ousted from the company. where he8217d been chief executive officer, and sued by its board. In the case that closely tracks that suit, federal prosecutors accused Shkreli of engaging in a complicated shell game after his defunct hedge fund, MSMB Capital Management, lost millions. He is alleged to have made secret payoffs and set up sham consulting arrangements. A New York lawyer, Evan Greebel, was also arrested early Thursday. Hes accused of conspiring with Shkreli in part of the scheme. Retrophin replaced Shkreli as CEO 8220because of serious concerns about his conduct,8221 the company said in a statement. The company, which hasn8217t been accused of any wrongdoing, has 8220fully cooperated with the government investigations into Mr. Shkreli.8221 Shkreli8217s lawyer declined to comment. Greebel, who worked at Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP and served as lead outside counsel to Retrophin from 2012 to 2014, helped Shkreli in several schemes, prosecutors said. A spokeswoman for Katten Muchin declined to comment a spokeswoman for Kaye Scholer, where Greebel now works, said he joined the firm after the alleged activities occurred. Authorities outlined years of investment losses and lies Shkreli allegedly told his investors almost from the moment he began managing money. By age 26, they said, he got nine investors to place 3 million with him, began losing their money and covering it up. Within a year, his funds account was down to 331. Shkreli attracted another 2.35 million investment in 2010 and lost about half of that in two months, the authorities said. As the hole grew, he covered it up with scheme after scheme, telling investors that his returns were as high as 35.8 percent when he was down 18 percent. He used client money to pay for his clothing, food and medical expenses and lied to the broker handling his funds accounts, authorities said. His name entered public consciousness after he raised the price more than 55-fold for Daraprim. It is the preferred treatment for a parasitic condition known as toxoplasmosis, which can be deadly for unborn babies and patients with compromised immune systems including those with HIV or cancer. His company, Turing Pharmaceuticals AG, bought the drug, moved it to a closed distribution system and instantly drove the price into the stratosphere. Shkreli8217s extraordinary history8212and current hold on the public imagination8212makes the case more noteworthy than most involving securities fraud. The son of immigrants from Albania and Croatia who worked as janitors and raised him deep in working-class Brooklyn, Shkreli both epitomizes the American dream and sullies it. As a youth, he showed exceptional promise and independence and, after dropping out of an elite Manhattan high school, began his conquest of Wall Street before he was 20. The moves drew shocked rebukes from Congress, public-interest groups, doctors and presidential candidates, and cast an unwelcome spotlight on the rising prices of older drugs. Donald Trump called Shkreli a 8220spoiled brat,8221 and the BBC dubbed him the 8220most hated man in America.8221 Bernie Sanders, a Democratic presidential candidate, rejected a 2,700 campaign donation from him, directing it to an HIV clinic. A spokesman said in October that the campaign would not keep money 8220from this poster boy for drug company greed.8221 Submitted by Charles Hugh-Smith of OfTwoMinds blog, Proponents claim Basic Income can be paid by redirecting existing welfare programs, but a quick review reveals this as nonsense. Finland made the news recently by proposing a pilot program of guaranteed income for all, also known as Universal Basic Income: Desperate Finland Set To Unleash Helicopter Money Drop To All Citizens . The goal is two-fold: by providing every household with a minimum income, regardless of what other income the individuals might earn, the program does two things: it provides everyone enough money to get by and it removes the disincentive to work inherent in the conventional welfare model: in the current model, recipients who earn money lose their benefits, leaving them no better off if their earnings are modest. The Finnish proposal offers a basic income of around 850 to 900 per month, roughly 10,000 per year. Proponents of Universal Basic Income (UBI) see it as the only solution to automations replacement of human labor . a topic I discuss in depth in my new book A Radically Beneficial World: Automation, Technology and Creating Jobs for All . Advocates of guaranteed income for all claim the program can be paid for by two mechanisms: taxing the owners of robots and software who are presumed to be banking enormous profits off automation and by cutting existing social welfare programs that Universal Basic Income replaces. As podcast host KMO and I discuss in The Search for Scarcity. this proposed funding doesnt stand up to the most rudimentary analysis. Heres why: 1. Profits and payrolls both fall as automation replaces human labor. Its easy to understand why if we consider what happens to Company As profits and payrolls when it replaces huge swaths of its labor force with robotics and software/AI. Its head-count and payroll expenses immediately decline, of course, but so do its profits: as robots and software become cheaper, whats to stop Company As global competitors from buying the same robots and software The reality is the tools of automation are commodities, rapidly falling in cost and available everywhere. The scarcity value of these tools is effectively near-zero, and as economist Michael Spence pointed out, profits and value only flow to whats scarce. As Erik Brynjolfsson, Andrew McAfee, and Michael Spence explain in their 2014 article New World Order: Labor, Capital, and Ideas in the Power Law Economy. capital and labor have very little scarcity value: both are in over-supply. This is why capital earns effectively near-zero return, and why the value of conventional labor is declining. Automation, capital, labor and everything that can be commoditized globally has near-zero scarcity value, and hence near-zero profitability. As automation eliminates jobs, it also slashes profits. rather than boost profits as Basic Income proponents anticipate, automation reduces profits along with payrolls. Thus the more realistic projection is for record corporate profits to return to their historical average of around 5-6 of GDP, which would mean profits falling from 1.9 trillion to 1 trillion. So lets run some numbers. The federal government currently spends about 3.8 trillion and collects about 3.3 trillion in tax revenues it borrows the difference (500 billion) by selling Treasury bonds-- in effect, borrowing from our grandchildren to fund our benefits today. This is politically expedient, but morally and fiscally bankrupt. State and local governments spend another 3.2 trillion source: U. S. Census Bureau. State and local governments collect tax revenues of 3 trillion and borrow the balance. So government consumes about 7 trillion of the 17 trillion U. S. GDP, and already borrows at least 700 billion to fund these expenditures. (In recession, the deficit spending and borrowing quickly soars well above 1 trillion.) Paying all 322 million Americans 10,000 a year would cost 3.22 trillion. Proponents claim this can be paid by redirecting existing welfare programs, but a quick review reveals this as nonsense. All state and local government social welfare programs are around 500 billion, and programs such as food stamps (SNAP) that would presumably be replaced with Basic Income are relatively small budget items: SNAP is around 75 billion. As for Social Security: those receiving around 850 per month in Social Security benefits wont mind their SSA benefit being replaced by Basic Income--they will receive the same amount. But those earning 1,500 in Social Security benefits will expect to receive 1,500, not 850. The net result is the savings from swapping Social Security payments for Basic Income are also modest. The SSA distributes around 950 billion annually to about 69 million recipients. As a rough estimate, perhaps 500 billion could be swapped from SSA to Basic Income. As for Medicaid and and Medicare, Basic Income does not include medical care. These programs will be untouched by Basic Income. Bottom line, Universal Basic Income will add roughly 2.2 trillion to government spending, while profits and payrolls--the sources of tax revenues--will both decline. The only way to pay for another 2 trillion in spending is to raise taxes or borrow it from our grandchildren--a proposal that is morally and fiscally bankrupt. Raising 2 trillion more in addition to the current federal tax revenues of 3.3 trillion and state/local taxes of 3 trillion is a tall order. If the economy enters a profit and payroll recession (from any of several potential causes, including automation, rampant financialization, global recession, financial crisis, etc.), tax revenues will crater. Who will pay all this additional tax Yes, those earning 150,000 or more will end up paying their Basic Income payment as additional taxes, but the number of high-earners (who already pay roughly 85 of all federal taxes) simply isnt large enough to skim another 2 trillion. Even if every dollar of corporate profit was taken (not likely, given the lobbying power of corporations), that would still leave the Basic Income program 1 trillion short. Who will pay all this additional tax If we say the remaining employed, that leads to this question: if much of your wage is being levied to support people who dont work, whats the motivation for working at all Why not join the work-free crowd And what happens when the most productive members of the workforce quit or decline to be productive Robots cant do everything, despite lavish techno-claims to the contrary. In sum, the psychology of punishing the productive and rewarding non-contributors is destructive to everyone. Have proponents forgotten that humans are prone to emotions such as resentment Resentment goes both ways the recipients of Basic Income will be getting by, but they wont be able to build capital or better their financial stake. They are in effect Basic Income Serfs. Proponents also believe that the loss of work will free everyone getting a basic income to become an artist, composer, musician, etc. As I noted in Super-Welfare Guaranteed Income For All Isnt a Solution--Its Just the New Serfdom. Since meaningful work is the source of positive social roles, Hell is a lack of meaningful work. In the myopic view of the Basic Income proponents, humans are nothing but consumer-bots who chew through the Earths resources in their limitless quest for more of everything-- what the Keynesian Cargo Cult worships as demand. Tragically, this blindness to humanitys need for meaning and the elevation of spiritually empty consumerism to a Secular Religion leaves the basic Income crowd incapable of understanding this timeless truth: the only possible result of robbing people of their livelihood is despair. Once meaningful work vanishes, so do positive social roles. This is why guaranteed income for all is just a new version of Socioeconomic Hell. Being paid to do nothing does not provide meaningful work or positive social roles, which are the sources of positive identity, pride, purpose, community and meaning. The petit-bourgeois fantasy of every individual flowering as an artist, musician and creator once freed of work is an abstraction, one born of the expansion of academic enclaves and private wealth-funded dilettantes fluttering from one salon to the next. (Ever notice how many trust-funders have therapists Would they all need therapists if being freed from work automatically generated happiness and fulfillment) These are precisely what basic income for all doesnt provide. To the degree that serfdom is political powerlessness and near-zero access to the processes of accumulating productive capital, guaranteed income for all is simply serfdom institutionalized into a Hell devoid of purpose, pride, meaning, community and positive social roles. This is why I say The Future Belongs to Work That Is Meaningful. KMO and I discuss these topics and more in The Search for Scarcity . Come on, people--we can do better than the bankrupt serfdom of Basic Income. It was a relatively calm overnight session in which European stocks wobbled modestly, Japan was up, China was down following the Yuans weakest fixing since 2011 as the PBOC continues to aggressively devalue since the SDR inclusion (stoking concerns capital outflows are once again surging), EM stocks stocks were weak and the dollar was unchanged ahead of todays retail sales data and next weeks Fed meeting, and then suddenly everything snapped. First it was oil, which after falling calmly all session suddenly hit an air pocket following the latest IEA report, in which the energy agency said global oil markets will remain oversupplied at least until the end of 2016 as demand growth slows and OPEC output booms, putting oil prices under further pressure, the International Energy Agency said on Friday. The IEA said the global oil glut was set to worsen in the months to come as additional supplies from Iran - when and if Western sanctions on the country are removed - would push more oil into storage. The immediate result: Brent slid below 39 for only the first time since 2008, while WTI is fast approaching the dreaded 35 handle. Ironically, several days ago when we noted that Brent and iron ore were both at 40 we said the two are racing each other to 0. Today, both Brent and Iron Ore hit 38. So far nobody is winning. Almost at the same time EM currencies woke up to the threat of a USD rate hike next week, and proceeded to mini tantrum once more taking Chinas stealth devaluation lead, with the South African rand continuing its collapse from yesterday when in the aftermath of the sacking of the finance minister all local risk assets tumbled. Today, its more of the same. And then the weakness finally spread to US equity futures, which after doing what they do best for most of the overnight session, i. e. ignoring everything around them, suddenly fell off a cliff, dropping as much as 16 point in just a few minutes. As a reminder, it was Chinas devaluation that launched the global market turmoil in August that ultimately forced the Fed to delay its September rate hike. If China wants to repeat this performance it has 2 days in which to do it. For now, this is how global markets look like SampP 500 futures down 0.6 to 2029 Stoxx 600 down 1.42 to 358 MSCI Asia Pacific down 0.4 to 129 US 10-yr yield down 1bp to 2.22 Dollar Index up 0.01 to 97.95 WTI Crude futures down 0.9 to 36.44 Brent Futures down 1.1 to 39.29 Gold spot down 0.3 to 1,069 Silver spot down 0.3 to 14.07 A closer look at the markets reveals that in the final session of the week, Asian equities shrugged of the positive lead from Wall Street to trade broadly in the red, as weakness in China dampened sentiment. As such, Asian stocks headed for the biggest weekly drop since Sept. Chinese shares slid after a report billionaire Guo Guangchang was missing added to concerns that slowing economic growth. Yuan recorded its biggest weekly drop since an August devaluation. Asian markets had a mixed day to end the week,8221 said Angus Nicholson, Melbourne-based market analyst at IG Ltd. 8220Japanese markets have clearly reached levels where investors are happy with valuations again. Chinese markets were spooked by the 8216disappearance8217 of Fosun8217s chairman, quite likely by China8217s anti-corruption department.8221 The Shanghai Comp (-0.7) was weighed on by financials amid growing concerns over increased capital outflows, as the PBoC continued to depreciate the CNY fix to bridge the gap with the CNH. While Chinese stocks had also been spooked following reports that the Chairman of the nations biggest non-state-owned conglomerate (Fosun), had disappeared, igniting probe speculations. ASX 200 (-0.2) was dragged lower by materials as iron ore sustained its downward spiral having fallen 1.4 in the prior session. Nikkei 225 (1.0) bucked the trend with Japanese exporters benefitting from the weaker JPY. JGBs fell amid spill-over selling in T-notes despite the BoJ entering the market. Chinas State-owned Asset Supervision and Administration (SASAC) said that SOEs which are unprofitable for 3 years should leave the market and that they will shut, suspend or reorganise long-term unprofitable SOEs in overcapacity industries which fail to adhere to environment, safety and quality standards. Also in China overnight we got New Yuan Loans data, which rose by CNY708.9B, below the Expected CNY735.0B. Fosun Bonds Fall, Stock Halted After Report Chairman Missing: Caixin magazine reports Group has 8220lost contact8221 with billionaire Guo Guangchang China to Consolidate Shipping Operations at Two Top State Firms: China Ocean Shipping Group and China Shipping Group will consolidate operations Hong Kong on the Brink as Builders Offer Stealth Price Cuts: Cheung Kong, Henderson Land among developers offering inducements incl. stamp-tax rebates China Ghost Town Developer May Default on Bonds Next Week: Ordos City Huayan says bondholders chose to sell back 1.14b yuan (176.7m) of bonds early Citigroup Trader Fired Over Currency Probe Sues in Singapore: Tian Yuhui was fired the day she returned to work after four-month maternity leave China Losing Appeal to World Just as It Opens Bond Market Wider: The two best reasons to buy Chinese bonds are fast fading Nobel Laureate Says IMF Move Won8217t Propel Yuan to Rival Dollar: Yuan becoming reserve currency 8220mostly of symbolic value,8221 Maskin says European stocks fall for 4th day, led by declines in financial services and autos, on track for a second weekly decline. Italian stocks underperform, Swiss bourse outperforms. Although everyone is expecting a rate hike from the Fed next week, a lot of questions remain about the future of monetary policy,8221 Francois Savary, chief investment officer at Geneva-based investment management firm Prime Partners told Bloomberg. You currently have one central bank in a tightening cycle, and the other can8217t actually deliver on expectations. The ECB8217s disappointment last week showed that Draghi8217s hands are tied. That8217s why investors are so unsettled now.82178217 In terms of specific movers, Softness has been seen in Co. s with exposure to South Africa, with the likes of Investec (-8.0) and Old Mutual (-9.0) underperforming amid the recent ZAR weakness. Fixed income markets have moved in tandem with the risk off sentiment, with Bunds extending on recent trade, moving higher throughout the morning and heading towards the 159.00 level. Top European News Standard Chartered8217s 5.1b Share Sale Gets 97 Demand: New shares are scheduled to trade in Hong Kong on Dec. 16 Barclays CEO Staley Said to Extend Hiring Freeze Into Early 2016: A previous ban, implemented by Chairman John McFarlane in Sept. until year-end, was due to be reviewed in Jan. Denmark Set to Raise Bond Target as Demand Soars, Liquidity Lags: Will probably try to sell as much as DKK100b (15b) in bonds next yr, or about one-third more than implied in a previous forecast, according to Nordea and Sydbank Cameron Delays Heathrow Decision Until Mid-2016, Sparking Anger: Announcement put back until after London Mayoral election Bellway Says Still Trading Well, Well Placed for Volume Growth: Reservation rate rose 12 to 165 homes per week in 18-wk period Publicis Loses Media Account as L8217Oreal Switches to WPP: Publicis earlier this week lost business with Procter amp Gamble Cancer Drug Quest Drives Bayer to Accelerate Pipeline Investment: Bayer may have 5 cance r drugs on the market by 2020 FX markets have seen a continuation of recent trend of softness in EM and commodity currencies. with the likes of ZAR seeing further weakness in the wake of the finance minister being replaced earlier in the week, while the RUB continued to be impacted by soft energy prices ahead of their rate decision, whereby the Bank of Russia kept rates on hold but announced intentions to cut rates in the future. AUD has weakened in tandem with softness seen in CNY and the by downbeat data out of China as European participants arrived at their desks. A week ago today saw OPEC choose not to lower their production output and the implications are still firmly being felt across markets, with energy complex extending on weakness during the European morning as Brent and WTI both hit fresh multi year lows, with the former firmly below USD 39.50 and the latter firmly below USD 36.50. Separately Gold continues to decline amid recovery in the USD, with prices on track for a 7th weekly loss within the past 2 months, as we move a step closer to the key Fed rate decision next week. Looking ahead at the key US releases, todays highlights include US retail sales, PPI final demand and the preliminary reading of University of Michigan sentiment. IEA Sees Oil Glut Lasting Until Late 2016 as OPEC Keeps Pumping: Global oil surplus will persist at least until late 2016 as demand growth slows and OPEC shows 8220renewed determination8221 to maximize output, according to the IEA Dow Chemical, DuPont Said to Plan Friday Announcement of Merger: Still no guarantee that the terms of the transaction will be agreed by then, said people familiar with the matter Buffett8217s BNSF Open to Bid for Norfolk to Challenge CP Offer: BNSF is open to making a competing bid for Norfolk Southern, the target of a 27b takeover effort by Canadian Pacific Railway Ford to Invest 4.5b in Electrified Vehicles by 2020: Will add 13 electric cars and hybrids by 2020, rising to 40 of its lineup from 13 now United Technologies Plans 1.5b Restructuring Program: Restructuring, including reducing the manufacturing footprint in the U. S. and Europe, will result in 900m of annual savings when it8217s done, CEO said Thursday Adobe Profit Tops Analysts8217 Estimates on Cl oud Sales Gains: 4Q adj. EPS 62c vs est. 60c, reaffirms FY2016 rev. view 5.7b (Oct. 6), adj. EPS 2.70 Yahoo SVP Fuloria Leaving Company as Talent Drain Continues: Fuloria, whose duties included product and engineering for advertising products, is moving on to work with entrepreneurs and early-stage companies Senate Passes Short-Term Bill to Avoid Government Shutdown: Would finance the govt. through Dec. 16, requires approval by the House, which plans to vote on it on Friday Paris Climate Talks Enter 8216Crunch Time8217 With Deal Divisions: Trying to narrow options in the agreement text that range from the amount of global warming that should be tolerated to how countries should review efforts to reduce greenhouse gases Macau Casinos Fall on Report China to Crack Down on UnionPay Use: Fell in Hong Kong trading after the South China Morning Post reported China will introduce new measures to crack down on the use of illegal China UnionPay point of service device Global Payments Said to Be in Talks to Buy Heartland Payment: A deal could be announced as soon as this month All Developed Bond Markets Gain in 2015 in Face of Fed Rate Move Chipotle Restaurant Shut Down in Seattle, Adding to Its Woes Bulletin Headline Summary from RanSquawk and Bloomberg EM and commodity linked currencies are in focus amid softness in energy prices and global growth concerns as China remains in the spotlight European equities follow their Asian counterparts lead to trade firmly in the red, with Bunds benefitting from the downbeat sentiment Looking ahead, todays highlights include US retail sales, PPI final demand and preliminary reading of University of Michigan sentiment as well as comments from BoEs Weale Treasuries rise amid losses in global equities led by EM and commodities before next week8217s FOMC meeting China8217s yuan was on course for the steepest weekly drop since its August devaluation. The global oil surplus will persist at least until late 2016 as demand growth slows and OPEC shows 8220renewed determination8221 to maximize output, according to the IEA Fosun International Ltd. bonds plunged by a record and the company suspended its shares in Hong Kong after Caixin magazine reported that billionaire Chairman Guo Guangchang had gone missing The baffling disappearance of Chinese executives in recent weeks has drawn attention to the ruling Communist Party8217s practice of holding people incommunicado either as targets of investigations themselves or to help with probes of others Ukraine may need to step up efforts to resolve a standoff with Russia over a 3b bond due this month to keep receiving aid from the IMF Less than 24 hours after South Africa President Jacob Zuma sent markets into chaos by abruptly firing his finance minister and replacing him with an untested unknown, fund managers and analysts warned that the ANC8217s reputation for prudent financial management w as practically in tatters The strong showing for Marine Le Pen8217s National Front in the first round of France8217s regional elections risks undermining her bid for a repeat in the second as a slew of polls suggest she may not be able to rally enough support to win major executive power for the first time in Sunday8217s run-off Sovereign 10Y bond yields mixed. Asian stocks lower, European stocks fall, U. S. equity-index futures decline. Crude oil slides, copper rallies, gold drops 8:30am: Retail Sales Advance m/m, Nov. est. 0.3 (prior 0.1) NOTE: U. S. Retail Sales Seen Having Edged Higher in Nov. Retail Sales Ex Auto m/m, Nov. est. 0.3 (prior 0.2) Retail Sales Ex Auto and Gas, Nov. est. 0.4 (prior 0.3) Retail Sales Control Group, Nov. est. 0.4 (prior 0.2) 8:30am: PPI Final Demand m/m, Nov. est. 0 (prior -0.4) NOTE: U. S. PPI Remains Depressed Ahead of Fed Liftoff PPI Ex Food and Energy m/m, Nov. est. 0.1 (prior -0.3) PPI Ex Food, Energy, Trade m/m, Nov. est. 0.1 (prior -0.1) PPI Final Demand y/y, Nov. est. -1.4 (prior -1.6) PPI Ex Food and Energy y/y, Nov. est. 0.2 (prior 0.1) PPI Ex Food, Energy, Trade y/y, Nov. (prior 0.4) 10:00am: Business Inventories, Oct. est. 0.1 (prior 0.3) 10:00am: U. of Mich. Sentiment, Dec. P, est. 92 (prior 91.3) U. of Mich. Current Conditions, Dec. P (prior 104.3) U. of Mich. Expectations, Dec. P (prior 82.9) U. of Mich. 1 Yr Inflation, Dec. P (prior 2.7) U. of Mich. 5-10 Yr Inflation, Dec. P (prior 2.6) DBs Jim Reid concludes the overnight wrap Presents for investors remain few and far between and there is still no sign of a anta laus rally although the SampP 500 did climb nearly 1 on the day 90 minutes before the close before slipping to end the day only 0.23 higher. Having shrugged off most of what was another down day for Oil, it appears that the index finally succumbed to one last dip lower for WTI into the close which dragged down energy stocks, the sector closing still with a 0.62 gain but at one stage was up over 1.5. A fifth-consecutive day of near seven-year lows was made for WTI after it finished down -1.08 at 36.76, the latest fall not helped by OPEC reporting that November crude production was the highest in three years. Brent closed below 40 for the first time in this recent sell-off. That OPEC meeting last Friday feels like a long time ago, with prices now 13 down from the pre-meeting highs that day. Some of the more interesting newsflow yesterday in the energy sector was at the micro level. Contributing to the early bounce for the sector were announcements from Chevron and ConocoPhillips with both energy heavyweights signaling that they intend to cut capex by a further 25 next year 8211 the latter also expecting to sell down some non-core assets. It wasn8217t just the US names in focus as Glencore was out with some cutback measures of its own, specifically targeting deeper debt reductions, more capex reductions and further divestments. Those measures sent Glencore8217s share price up 7 yesterday, while its 10 year maturity bonds closed some 4pts higher. There was less good news for Anglo American however. Fresh off the back of its investor day earlier this week in which the company detailed out its own set of bumper measures, Moody8217s downgraded the miner one notch to Baa3 late last night. The move puts it in-line with ampP, however Moody8217s also kept Anglo on review for further downgrade, raising the possibility of the company being downgraded to HY. Credit markets were under pressure yesterday on both sides of the pond. In Europe Crossover (5bps) closed wider for the fourth consecutive day, while in the US and despite the slightly better performance for US equities, CDX IG finished nearly 2bps wider on the day. Meanwhile, catching our eye, the WSJ was out with a story last night reporting that a large HY mutual fund in the US is blocking clients from withdrawing their money and is instead seeking an orderly liquidation. According to the article, the moves come after a number of redemption requests within the fund and also difficult liquidity conditions. Notably, the fund is sizeable with 789m in assets, although that is down from 2.4bn earlier in the year. In the first six days of this month, over 120m was said to have been withdrawn from the fund alone. A warning sign in an asset class under a fair bit of stress at the moment given these latest moves in energy prices. Speaking of which, US HY energy spreads were actually 1.5bps tighter yesterday, snapping a five-day run where spreads widened 126bps. Moving on, it8217s been a reasonably quiet week for data in the U this week, although today will see the November retail sales released where expectations are currently running for a 0.3 mom gain in the headline and 0.4 gains for the ex auto and ex auto amp gas prints. Our US economists are a little less optimistic and are forecasting an unchanged reading at the headline and 0.2 and 0.3 gains for the two respective core readings. More important in their view however is the core retail control figure. This is the core print which excludes autos, gas and building materials and is the component used to estimate goods spending in the GDP accounting. Market expectations for this is a 0.4 mom gain. Before we get there though, aside from a gain for the Nikkei (1.00) this morning, it looks like the bulk of bourses in Asia are to set to close out the week on a down note. Indeed the Shanghai Comp is down -0.72 while there are falls also for the Hang Seng (-0.76), Kospi (-0.34) and ASX (-0.16) 8211 the latter seeing resources names under pressure. Oil markets are down around half a percent while credit indices in Asia and Australia have both widened a couple of basis points. Staying in Europe, equity markets continued their slide as yesterday the Stoxx 600 finished the session -0.27, marking the 7th time in the last 8 sessions that the index has closed lower. Some of this may have reflected comments from the E B8217s Praet who, commenting on the reaction post the E B meeting last week, said that 8216the markets exaggerated the situation8217 and that 8216there was speculation about a package of measures that had never been up for Data in Europe yesterday was firstly centered in France where we saw the November inflation print come in softer than expected (-0.2 mom vs. 0.0 expected), which dragged down the YoY rate by one-tenth to 0.0. French Industrial production (0.5 mom vs. 0.0 expected) was significantly better than expected, although this was offset by a soft manufacturing production print (-0.5 mom vs. 0.1 expected). In the UK the BoE left rates on hold as expected by a vote of 8-1 with Ian McCafferty the lone dissenter after again arguing for a 25bps hike. The minutes revealed not much change in view relative to the November inflation report, while it was acknowledged that there 8216was no mechanical link8217 between UK policy and policy of other central banks. In the US yesterday we saw initial jobless claims tick up by 13k last week to 282k (vs. 270k expected) which was a five month high although this was blamed on seasonality more than anything else. Meanwhile the November import price index fell by less than expected last month at -0.4 mom (vs. -0.8 expected). Turning over to the day ahead, this morning in Germany we8217ll get the final reading for November CPI where no change is expected from the early 0.1 mom flash. In the UK the latest construction output numbers are due. Over in the US this afternoon the main focus will be on the retail sales data, although it8217s also worth keeping a close eye on the November PPI print, particular the details on the healthcare industries series which is used to construct the healthcare services component of the core PCE deflator. Elsewhere, business inventories data for October and the preliminary University of Michigan consumer sentiment print for December are due out. Finally, while preparations for the holiday season will likely be on a lot of our readers8217 agendas for the weekend, it8217s worth keeping an eye on the next slug of China data due out tomorrow morning with the November retail sales, industrial production and fixed asset investment readings all expected. This will likely dominate the opening on Monday morning as we start a week thats likely to see the first Fed hike for 9 years The ruble gained for a third day, sparking concern the currency is overvalued relative to the price of oil and threatening government efforts to cover its budget. The exchange rate, which has fallen 6.3 percent in the past month, strengthened 0.6 percent per dollar to 68.9300 by 6:28 p. m. in Moscow. Brent crude, the benchmark for the country8217s main export blend, fell 0.7 percent to 39.83. The price of Brent crude in local currency terms declined Thursday to a five-year low, a day before the Bank of Russia meets to discuss monetary policy. The low price Russia gets for oil puts a strain on budget revenue at a time the government is struggling to contain its biggest budget deficit in five years. 8220The ruble seems to be ignoring oil,8221 said Alexei Egorov, an analyst at PAO Promsvyazbank in Moscow. 8220Despite the fact that the oil price is hitting new lows, there8217s low demand for dollars among people and companies. Egorov predicted the central bank will hold its key rate at 11 percent because it doesn8217t want to risk stoking inflation. Rate Forecast Policy makers will probably leave rates on hold at 11 percent on Friday for a third consecutive meeting, according to the median of 34 estimates in a Bloomberg survey. Forward-rate agreements signaled 40 basis points of key rate cuts in the next three months, the smallest reading since October. Even leaving rates unchanged will have only a limited effect on the ruble, Egorov said. 8220Of course, such a combination of oil and ruble is inconvenient for the budget,8221 Yury Tulinov, the head of research at Societe Generale8217s Rosbank PJSC unit in Moscow, said by e-mail. 8220Traders are waiting for oil prices to recover and don8217t want to sell the ruble. A weaker ruble risks stoking inflation, while a stronger currency may threaten competitiveness and hurt budget revenue that8217s dependent on the price of oil and the ruble. Brent in rubles dropped 1 percent to 2,755 rubles, trading below the 3,284 average for the past 12 months. Brent crude stabilizing around 40 and unchanged rates should prevent the ruble from weakening past 70 per dollar, according to Piotr Matys, a strategist for emerging-market currencies at Rabobank. 8220We expect the Bank of Russia to keep rates unchanged,8221 said Matys. 8220Such a decision should provide the ruble with some support, but it will not prove sufficient if Brent crude starts leaning lower. The benchmark Micex Index of stocks rose 0.1 percent to 1,735.41, with Lukoil PJSC gaining 2.2 percent. Market Vectors Russia ETF had outflows of 6.2 million on Dec. 9, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. The yield on Russia8217s five-year government bond was little changed at 10.14 percent. Origins of Modern Finance - We must reference regulations, because regulations are the framework that the majority of finance operates in. Theories, strategies, and products, which do not fit into regulatory framework, are only hypothetical. Financial regulations are based on a series of laws created during and after the Great Depression, such as 8220The Securities Act of 19338221 and 8220The Federal Reserve Act (of 1913) and others. In 1933: Technology: The modern day computer did not exist, nor did lasers, the iPod, stealth, satellites, and most importantly, the internet Society: Roughly 2 Billion people on the planet compared to today8217s 6.7 Billion. Hitler was coming to power. Health: Life expectancy of the average American (male and female) was 59, compared to today8217s 76. Since 1980, there has been a greater than 30 decrease in deaths due to Stroke in Heart Disease. presumably due to advances in medicine. Finance: The derivative didn8217t exist, markets were not electronic and real-time, and credit cards didn8217t exist, nor did check cashing and instantaneous international payment. You wouldn8217t drive an automobile made in 1933 unless you are an antique collector. Most people wouldn8217t drive a car that8217s more than 10 years old. Most users wouldn8217t use a computer that8217s more than 5 years old. Banks are using state of the art supercomputers to run a 75 year old system 8211 with origins over 200 years old. In fact, the leading banking computer is the mainframe system IBM System Z, originally developed as System/390 in 1964. While the Federal Reserve Act was enacted in 1913, its origins of design are much older, as the bankers who designed the Fed were influenced by the European system, dominated by the British Bank of England, originally established in 1694. How many people know why Forex exists at all They know about the 8220Nixon Shock8221. but why did Nixon float the dollar, who suggested it, and how does that impact modern Forex The simplest solution being the most likely would indicate the US Administration was politically stretched out and had few options in response to demands by the French for payment in Gold, and the West German removal from Breton Woods. According to the Wikipedia entry: By the early 1970s, as the costs of the Vietnam War and increased domestic spending accelerated inflation, 3 the U. S. was running a balance of payments deficit and a trade deficit, the first in the 20th century. The year 1970 was the crucial turning point, which, because of foreign arbitrage of the U. S. dollar, caused governmental gold coverage of the paper dollar to decline 33, from 55 to 22. That, in the view of Neoclassical Economists and the Austrian School, represented the point where holders of the U. S. dollar lost faith in the U. S. government8217s ability to cut its budget and trade deficits. In 1971, the U. S. government again printed more dollars (a 10 increase) 3 and then sent them overseas, to pay for the nations military spending and private investments. In the first six months of 1971, 22 billion dollars in assets left the U. S. citation needed In May 1971, inflation-wary West Germany was the first member country to leave the Bretton Woods system 8212 unwilling to deflate the deutsche mark to prop up the dollar. 3 In order to prevent the dumping of the deutsche mark on the open market, West Germany did not consult with the international monetary community before making the change. In the next three months, West Germany8217s move strengthened their economy simultaneously, the dollar dropped 7.5 against the deutsche mark. 3 Because of the excess printed dollars, and the negative U. S. trade balance, other nations began demanding fulfilment of America8217s 8220promise to pay8221 8212 in the form of gold from the U. S. in exchange for paper dollars, thus, did Switzerland trade 50 million of paper for gold in July. 3 France, in particular, repeatedly made aggressive demands, and acquired large amounts of gold (191 million), further depleting the gold reserves of the U. S. 3 On 5 August 1971, Congress released a report recommending devaluation of the dollar, in an effort to protect the dollar against foreign price-gougers. 3 Still, on 9 August 1971, as the dollar dropped in value against European currencies, Switzerland withdrew the Swiss franc from the Bretton Woods system. 3 Arbitrage can be painful if you are on the wrong side of it. Nixon may have had few options but to float the dollar the market is a powerful force even with government regulations. This implies that it was a reaction, not an action. In other words, it wasn8217t part of a grand master plan, a scheme designed by international bankers to make the world8217s financial markets crumble 35 years later. It seems that it was a random, haphazard solution, as they say 8220Crisis Management8221. But while waiting for Bonanza to finish, to announce the new global Forex regime, Nixon8217s team actually spent more time debating how to announce and when to announce to the public than the plan itself: To stabilize the economy and combat runaway inflation, on August 15, 1971, President Nixon imposed a 90-day wage and price freeze, a 10 per cent import surcharge, and, most important, 8220closed the gold window8221, making the dollar non-convertible to gold 8212 except on the open market. The President and fifteen advisors took that decision, without consulting the members of the international monetary system, thus, the international community informally named it the Nixon shock. Given the importance of the announcement 8212 and its impact upon foreign currencies 8212 presidential advisors recalled that they spent more time, at Camp David, deciding when to publicly announce the controversial plan, than they spent creating the plan. 4 As a politician, the President did not want to interrupt television viewers watching the tremendously popular TV series Bonanza, not wishing to potentially alienate those voters who fanatically followed the cowboy series. He was advised that the practical decision was to make an announcement before the stock markets opened on Monday (and just when Asian markets also were opening trading for the day). On 15 August 1971, that speech and the price-control plans proved very popular and raised the public8217s spirit. The President was credited with finally rescuing the American public from price-gougers, and from a foreign-caused exchange crisis. 4 5 This would also hint it was a knee-jerk reaction more than a carefully planned event. Since then, banks have been creating models 8216on the fly8217 based on what seems to be working, with little or no understanding of the underlying forces. And being as banks are for profit private institutions, any available data or models they have is not public. Since the Nixon Shock, economic theories were not redesigned. Although there are some fresh ideas about what Forex is, there isn8217t any unified theory of Forex, a model that describes it for what it is, mathematically. In fact, several papers have been written with the hypothesis that existing 8216models8217 are severely flawed, and provide evidence here8217s one: Roger D. Huang published a paper in 1981 for the American Finance Association (afajof. org/ ) with the following abstract: The variance bounds on exchange rate movements implied by the monetary approach to exchange rate in an efficient foreign exchange market is shown to be violated by sample data. The paper also presents evidence showing that the forecast errors implied by the monetary model can be forecasted using historical data. The results are interpreted to suggest either the incompatibility of the monetary approach with sample data, or an inefficient foreign exchange market or both. Richard J. Sweeny, in 1986, goes on to claim that there is Alpha in Forex not explainable by risk: Filter rule profits found in foreign exchange markets in the early days of the current managed float persist in later periods, as shown by statistical tests developed and implemented here. The test is consistent with, but independent of, a wide variety of asset pricing models. The profits found cannot be explained by risk if risk premia are constant over time. Inclusion of the home-foreign interest rate differential in computing profits has little effect on the comparison of filter returns to those of buy-and-hold . If Forex is truly a reactive solution to a pressured Nixon administration, and still no unified model exists, this indicates that there are large opportunities in trading Forex, like an asset class. These opportunities will exist, and persist, until the floating currency system is replaced by something else (not likely anytime soon), or there is a unified Forex model that becomes widely proliferated as much as 8220Modern Portfolio Theory 8221 is. Rembrandt: The Moneychanger 1626 Up late, pouring over account statements, under the dim glow of candlelight Is this an audit or a daily routine, not enough day-time to do all the calculations Or does he do this at night so no one can question the numbers UBS Trading floor: modern times. Who is running the show, the humans, or the computers Are the humans telling the computers what to do or are values on the computer screen telling the humans how to behave Purpose of Capital Markets What8217s the point of investing To achieve a return not possible by other activities 8211 (i. e. someone else can do something better than you and achieve a larger profit than if I did myself) To act as a savings account for the future Investors all have an underlying assumption: someone else can do a better job than me. Small businesses, and farmers, and other types of businesses, would never think of investing somewhere outside of their family run business. Corporatism has turned investing into something you outsource to Wall St. Those from the Greatest Generation would rarely invest in stocks, except maybe in the company they worked for. They bought Government bonds (mostly as a store of value and wealth for the future not to achieve a return), Gold or Silver, and they may have invested in a vacation home or some tools. They didn8217t buy stocks, but they didn8217t have electronic access to the markets or a means to freely educate them, such as exists with the internet. Trading as an investment Traders are seen by the retail market as gamblers, high frequency spread betters. Funds, institutions, and some savvy investors know better, but they are the minority. Can active day trading strategies, and other types of real-time trading strategies such as automated Forex systems, penetrate our commonly accepted views of investing DBFX, the FX division of Deutche Bank, stated in an October 2008 press release that this is already happening: dbFX sees sharp increase in managed accounts as individual investors and managers turn to FX to diversify portfolios. A managed account is one way that an investor can turn a trading strategy into an investment. There are thousands of managed accounts in the world, each offering a unique strategy and approach to the markets. Although managed accounts are currently mostly dominated by commodities traders, there is a growing emergence of FX managed accounts. There are other ways investors can turn trading into investing, such as the active investor who purchases an automated trading system to trade their own account. There are a growing amount of companies that offer fully automated systems investors can lease or purchase that can be executed on their own account. Modern day hedge fund is a family farm What is a farmer A farmer is similar to a hedge fund manager. Farmers are seen as old men with pickup trucks, straw hats and mud on their shirts. Aside from this stigma, farmers are actually some of the most sophisticated investors a farmer must decide constantly where to invest and when to hedge. His family, and possibly the entire town, depends on the farms8217 survival. There isn8217t any room for creativity or unnecessary investments (such as purchasing a decorative rug). The origins of the futures markets are based on agricultural and eventually industrial demands for hedging 8216organic8217 business. Many family 8216mom and pop8217 businesses are run in this style, but farms illustrate the basic needs of knowing when to hedge due to a bad growing season, crop rotation, and investment in farming machinery. The future of investing could see a return to family run hedge funds, what Trusts refer to as 8216family offices8217 and boutique investment firms offering niche specialized services to a small elite group of clients. This trend is already taking place, as London based boutique broker Shore Capital revenues are up 12 percent, beating larger rivals. I think theres a change in the attitudes of fund managers 8211 they used to give a significant proportion of business to the bigger houses because they thought they were a better counter-party risk. I think the institutions no longer think they are a superior counter-party risk, having had the experience of last September and October. Although, the overall volume of business available has reduced, more of its going to the medium-sized brokers. Shore believes financial services staff disillusioned with life in London following the banking crisis may opt to work in Edinburgh instead. Who is to blame: regulators or customers In 2005 Harry Markopolos sent a letter to the SEC outlining a logical analysis why in his opinion, Madoff was running a ponzi scheme. The SEC didn8217t act on his letter, but many questions are raised by this action, such as: How was a private individual, representing Rampart Investment Management Co. able to obtain and analyze data sufficient to conclude that Madoff was running a Ponzi scheme, using NO private, confidential information from Madoff Securities (the SEC and other regulators are privy to certain confidential records that are not public) Why didn8217t other customers, or at least a few others, take the time to do their own due diligence and come to similar conclusions What was so special about Mr. Markopolos Clients have unreasonable expectations about many of their investments. Why is this so A survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers in Switzerland identified two related problems: clients poorly understand investment reports and 2) they make unrealistic reporting demands. It goes on to present the obvious solution for global regulation: a standard in documentation and reporting. Investors are bombarded with reports designed differently according to different standards and yet with the designers own interpretations of their standards. Would a fair conclusion be, that regulation could simply be a 8216database8217 that could be accessed by 8216clients8217 (investors) served by 8216servers8217 (money managers), administrated by 8216admins8217 (regulators). Forex Forums a form of Self-Regulation While Forex trading itself is unregulated, Forex has a means of self-regulation for highly sophisticated investors, for those who are willing to do their homework. Work is required (in the form of time, reading, and understanding), and there is no vertical subordination, and no official authorities in this space. Admins monitor the discussion to make sure it8217s focused on topic, but they don8217t normally intervene in discussions (such as deleting posts they don8217t like). The forums do not provide any type of identification proofing, so there isn8217t stopping anyone from spreading misinformation anonymously. For all the value they provide, and they do provide a unique critique service untouched by commercial interests, they seem to have an equally devastating counterbalance, the 8216rotten apple that spoils the bunch8217. The significance of the forums is they represent a powerful new force defining how information is exchanged among the investing public. Some investors may remember 8216investment clubs8217 popular in the 808217s and 908217s. Now, investors can read forum posts without anyone ever knowing 8211 comments, opinions, and some facts, are out there for all to see. Although much of the content is unsubstantiated babbling, there are many hidden gems. Sites such as WikiLeaks ( wikileaks. org/ ) and Zero Hedge (zerohedge/ ) have been significant forces in disseminating information that otherwise would have been kept from the public. At the most recent TED conference, Gordon Brown quipped that: Foreign policy can never be the same again. The power of technology - such as blogs - meant that the world could no longer be run by elites, Mr Brown said. Policies must instead be formed by listening to the opinions of people who are blogging and communicating with people around the world, he said . This implicates a new user-driven de-centralized internet model will lead new paradigms, not the 20 th century, centralized model. The current debate about regulation is all centered on a centralized government authorized regulator. The problem with the centralized approach, with modern technology including the internet and modern government systems, a company can relocate its offices in a matter of hours in another legal jurisdiction. For example, after the NFA enacted rules affecting the way trades must be accounted for, such as the hedging rule and the FIFO rule. many Forex FCMs shifted their operations to London due to customer request. This was not to thumb the NFA for their rules, but in response to angry customer emails demanding they continue to allow hedging or they would simply move their accounts to London based firms who wouldn8217t ban hedging anyway. It8217s a conundrum of control, the more they squeeze the more customers will move overseas, or cease to exist (result is the same). The internet has a downside 8211 unsavory marketing groups can register 8216private8217 domains which sell 8216sham8217 products, competing with legitimate providers. For those who don8217t know what to look for, the marketing sites can be deceptive and misleading. But since criminals usually don8217t register with the police, there is little regulators can do. In some cases, vigilante groups have sprung up with the sole purpose of having the scam sites shut down while providing a review service similar to consumer reports. The Forex Metaphor A metaphor is an appropriate tool to explain something from another dimension, not easily explainable in the first dimension. George Lakoff states: We are neural beings, Lakoff states, Our brains take their input from the rest of our bodies. What our bodies are like and how they function in the world thus structures the very concepts we can use to think. We cannot think just anything 8212 only what our embodied brains permit. 2 In his 1980 book 8220Metaphors we live by8221 with Mark Johnson, he explains 8216the great metaphor8217 known as a conceptual metaphor: There are two main roles for the conceptual domains posited in conceptual metaphors: Source domain : the conceptual domain from which we draw metaphorical expressions (e. g. love is a journey). Target domain : the conceptual domain that we try to understand (e. g. love is a journey). A mapping is the systematic set of correspondences that exist between constituent elements of the source and the target domain. Many elements of target concepts come from source domains and are not preexisting. To know a conceptual metaphor is to know the set of mappings that applies to a given source-target pairing. The same idea of mapping between source and target is used to describe analogical reasoning and inferences. A primary tenet of this theory is that metaphors are matter of thought and not merely of language: hence, the term conceptual metaphor. The metaphor may seem to consist of words or other linguistic expressions that come from the terminology of the more concrete conceptual domain, but conceptual metaphors underlie a system of related metaphorical expressions that appear on the linguistic surface. Similarly, the mappings of a conceptual metaphor are themselves motivated by image schemas which are pre-linguistic schemas concerning space, time, moving, controlling, and other core elements of embodied human experience. Conceptual metaphors typically employ a more abstract concept as target and a more concrete or physical concept as their source. For instance, metaphors such as the days the more abstract or target concept ahead or giving my time rely on more concrete concepts, thus expressing time as a path into physical space, or as a substance that can be handled and offered as a gift. Different conceptual metaphors tend to be invoked when the speaker is trying to make a case for a certain point of view or course of action. For instance, one might associate the days ahead with leadership, whereas the phrase giving my time carries stronger connotations of bargaining. Selection of such metaphors tends to be directed by a subconscious or implicit habit in the mind of the person employing them. The principle of unidirectionality states that the metaphorical process typically goes from the more concrete to the more abstract, and not the other way around. Accordingly, abstract concepts are understood in terms of prototype concrete processes. The term concrete, in this theory, has been further specified by Lakoff and Johnson as more closely related to the developmental, physical neural, and interactive body (see embodied philosophy). One manifestation of this view is found in the cognitive science of mathematics , where it is proposed that mathematics itself, the most widely accepted means of abstraction in the human community, is largely metaphorically constructed, and thereby reflects a cognitive bias unique to humans that uses embodied prototypical processes (e. g. counting, moving along a path) that are understood by all human beings through their experiences . It is difficult to explain philosophy to a dog, because they do not have a means of understanding the language, hence the need for doggie metaphor. Everything to a dog can be equated to throwing the ball (in the case of Labradors, for other dogs a smelly metaphor can be used). Dogs and other animals have an intelligence which can be measured, such as the Monkey who outperformed the human memory champ in a memory test. Modern humans struggle with basic math skills the understanding of money and finance is 95 numbers and mathematics. Finance is math, not magic, as many would like you to believe. It is possibly the last subject yet to be understood by the scientific method. Is it ironic that the country with the most money, and the most dynamic capital markets, struggles with basic math skills, and money and finance is understood only by the understanding of math Why is it that Americans have the highest per capita GDP and some of the lowest scores in mathematics globally Could this be connected to Consumerism, multiple market bubbles, and a growing problem in financial literacy Americans nearly flunk financial literacy, says Bankrate: America gets a D for the second year in a row in Bankrates Financial Literacy Survey. (See our newest Financial Literacy Survey .) Thats disappointing enough, but the statistically valid survey of 1,000 Americans, conducted for Bankrate by RoperASW, also shows that Americans are in debt denial. Theyre unwilling to admit that credit is a problem -- in fact the only thing Americans are more secretive about is their love lives. Finance is not tree-cutting. Making an investment portfolio is not like chopping a branch of a tree, while the analogy is a powerful tool to educate, it can8217t turn a caterpillar into a butterfly. Making a cup of coffee is an algorithm: plug in machine, put filters, put water in tank, put ground coffee in filter, turn on coffee maker, pour coffee into cup, wait to cool down, drink. Educators use analogies like this to explain algorithms to those who have never been exposed to them. An algorithm is a process, a procedure, a series of steps 8211 it must have a beginning and an end. Just because making coffee is also an algorithm, doesn8217t mean if you brew a cup of coffee you can design a good Forex algorithm. Forex Systems as an investment of the future Forex is Shariah compliant Finding Shariah compliant investments is not easy. Forex trading is 100 Shariah compliant. A Shariah compliant portfolio could be created using Forex Automated Systems. Also, these types of systems offer a diversity in a particular market. The difference between a 8220Mean Reversion8221 Forex system and a 8220Correlation8221 Forex system can be as different as investing in emerging markets and Treasuries. 95 of people lose money trading Forex This would imply that it8217s 8216difficult to make money in Forex8217 as some claim. From another perspective, is it easy for the 5 who are winning Also consider in Forex a lot of money is lost due to hedgers, commercial requirements, central bank interventions, and other non-investment losses. That means there are profits that can be obtained by traders in Forex that don8217t necessarily need a loser on the other side (such as the case with equities). Comparative statistics: 53 of workers aged 16 and older in Los Angeles county were deemed functionally illiterate. Los Angeles is the home of many famous authors. writing clubs such as The LA writers Group and WritersBloc. Considering the high illiteracy rate in Los Angeles, why don8217t these authors change their profession to something that doesn8217t require reading, or relocate to another area where there is a higher literacy rate The reason is clear anyone in the world can read their books, not only LA residents. Secondly, they are writing for the 47 that can read, which in a city with a population of over 4 Million. is still at least 2 million readers. Why are people interested in Music, Movies, Gadgets but not Money Why does the interest in Finance become less as generations grow They all want it (money), but they don8217t want to bother understanding how it works. They want to be super-consumers without understanding what consuming is. That8217s not to suggest that every person who wants to eat should study biology, agricultural science, and the Food amp Restaurant business, but you do want to understand what you are digesting. In fact, recent consumer demand has forced food companies and drug companies to display certain information in a standardized format on every box of food sold in the US. Why doesn8217t something like this exist for financial products In the old days, family homes used to be a manufacturing base, a source of entertainment, a vacation spot for other family members, and a large storage and distribution facility. Now the home is a source of wealth and investment (that you shouldn8217t actually 8216live8217 in), vacation is done on cruise ships and in casinos, and public storage facilities are used like PODS and Public Storage. Forex lacks hard data Unlike other markets, there is little data available for Forex. For example, the annual BIS numbers that are commonly referenced when you hear 82203 Trillion per day8221 turnover is conducted by survey. The institutions that are surveyed have no reason to lie, but they also have no reason to be 100 transparent. The problem, like the problem with fraud, is not the honest bankers who report, but those who don8217t, who have something to hide in off-balance sheet transactions. Other markets have hard facts, verifiable data. The NYSE publishes daily end of day data that can be downloaded from their website here: liffe/nyseliffe/. Other exchanges publish similar data, because they are required, but more importantly, because they have it. Only each Forex counterparty has access to his own data, and many of them are reluctant to release it. For example, Forex brokers could publish statistics: Number of positive accounts for the day, week, month, year Average percent gain or loss for each account How many accounts are profitable after 1 year The question is why don8217t they, why is data like this unavailable anywhere, in stark contract to non-forex rivals where it is possible to obtain overwhelming amounts of data on the performance of mutual funds. Why is there no central database where traders and customers can log onto and verify authenticity, receive economic data in a standardized format, including performance information This is a regulatory question, but in the context of Forex, the answer is that there is no reason for the counterparties to divulge such information without any tangible benefit. Why should they open their books, when much of their business is based on perception Forex companies growing fast In 2009, GAIN Capital is ranked 32 in the Financial Services category 8220Fastest Growing Private Companies List8221. GAIN Capital is a Forex broker, and their revenue is primarily derived from Forex brokerage. Their growth can be explained by a popularity of Forex as an asset class, and as a new way to trade and invest. Why else Forex Genome Project Pandora has created a 8216Music Genome Project 8217 that tracks what songs you like and creates suggestions, a quasi form of Artificial Intelligence. Although Pandora does not disclose what it8217s algorithm is, Wikipedia states: The Music Genome Project . created in January 2000, is an effort founded by Will Glaser, Jon Kraft, and Tim Westergren to capture the essence of music at the fundamental level using almost 400 attributes to describe songs and a complex mathematical algorithm to organize them. The company Savage Beast Technologies was formed to run the project. A given song is represented by a vector (a list of attributes) containing approximately 150 genes (analogous to trait-determining genes for organisms in the field of genetics). Each gene corresponds to a characteristic of the music, for example, gender of lead vocalist, level of distortion on the electric guitar, type of background vocals, etc. Rock and pop songs have 150 genes, rap songs have 350, and jazz songs have approximately 400. Other genres of music, such as world and classical music, have 3008211500 genes. The system depends on a sufficient number of genes to render useful results. Each gene is assigned a number between 1 and 5, in half-integer increments. 1 Given the vector of one or more songs, a list of other similar songs is constructed using a distance function. To create a songs genome, it is analyzed by a musician in a process that takes 20 to 30 minutes per song. Ten percent of songs are analyzed by more than one technician to ensure conformity with the standards, i. e. reliability. The technology is currently used by Pandora to play music for Internet users based on their preferences. Because of licensing restrictions, Pandora is available only to users whose location is reported to be in the USA by Pandoras geolocation software. 2 While this is compelling, it could be argued that the application in Music is not necessary. For example, if you choose the wrong CD it8217s not a life or death situation there isn8217t any monetary or material punishment (aside from angry listeners possibly throwing things at you). Make a poor decision in the markets, and entire counties budgets are wiped out. For example, in 1994 the County of Orange County declared bankruptcy due to suffering 1.6 Billion in losses on interest rate derivatives. Would a genome project have a more tangible economic (and thus overall) benefit if used for Forex Imagine a system that instead of determining for the user what type of music they like to listen to, it could determine what kind of investment to implement on your account It8217s hard to make money in Forex Could that be said for any market Is making money ever easy Also, how can that be substantiated Hard for who No one8217s making money in Forex Bank of America claims foreign exchange as a major source of income. Money managers such as FX Concepts, John Henry, and Alex Merk are all making millions. FX Concepts has roughly 10 Billion assets under management by some measures. FX Brokers are some of the fastest growing companies in USA according to Inc. 500. Interbank FX is ranked 8, Gain Capital is ranked 32. George Soros made much of his fortune speculating in currencies. The conclusion of this article is that for the Forex market, there isn8217t enough data to make any solid conclusion. Significant effort should be spent compiling and analyzing data about Forex trading and investing. In a series of articles, we will attempt to first define the problems, collect data and sources of data, and engage FX experts in a series of interviews and discussions. With existing tools it is possible to trade and invest in Forex, but without full information sufficient to make any conclusion, we are left with only the path taken by Diogenes. searching for an honest answer. investopedia/university/futures/futures1.asp Before the North American futures market originated some 150 years ago, farmers would grow their crops and then bring them to market in the hope of selling their inventory. But without any indication of demand, supply often exceeded what was needed and unpurchased crops were left to rot in the streets Conversely, when a given commodity - wheat, for instance - was out of season, the goods made from it became very expensive because the crop was no longer available. cfainstitute. org/memresources/communications/ipm/2009/august/article1.html Among existing clients, there is often a lack of understanding of technical reporting concepts, leading to unreasonable expectations that cannot be met. A survey conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers in Switzerland identified two related problems: Clients (1) poorly understand investment reporting matters and (2) make unrealistic reporting demands. Establishing a standard and providing guidance on client reporting will certainly help to educate clients, as well as their asset managers, and reduce the expectations gap between them. Disclaimer and Risk Disclosure SPECIFIC FOREX RISK DISCLOSURE STATEMENT: BEFORE PROCEEDING, YOU MUST READ AND ACKNOWLEDGE THE FOLLOWING DISCLOSURE The risk of loss in trading foreign exchange markets (FOREX), also known as cash foreign currencies, the inter-bank market or the FOREX markets, can be substantial. You should therefore carefully consider whether such trading is suitable for you given your financial condition. Elite E Services does not control, and cannot endorse or vouch for the accuracy or completeness of any information or advice you may have received or may receive in the future from any other person not employed by Elite E Services regarding foreign currency trading or any managed account information. The factual information contained herein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable but is NOT necessarily all-inclusive and is NOT guaranteed to be 100 accurate. The content herein is provided on a best efforts basis and is believed to be up-to-date and accurate however, there are no explicit or implicit warranties of accuracy or timeliness made by Elite E Services or affiliates. FOREX trading involves substantial risk and is not for all investors. Investments or trading in the FOREX markets can be highly speculative and should only be done with risk capital which you can afford to lose and that, if lost, would not change or adversely affect your lifestyle. The high degree of leverage that is often possible in foreign exchange trading can work for you as well as against you. استخدام الرافعة المالية يمكن أن يؤدي إلى خسائر كبيرة وكذلك مكاسب. Managed foreign exchange accounts can be subject to substantial charges for management and profit incentive Elite E Services, and in some cases introducing brokers8217 commissions or mark-ups that are above and beyond the ordinary spread generally provided on a clearing firm8217s trade execution platform. It may be necessary for those accounts that are subject to these charges to make substantial trading profits to avoid depletion or exhaustion of their assets. Performance results may vary due to account size, starting or closing date, the number of positions and/or markets traded and/or other factors. This brief statement cannot disclose all of the risks and other significant aspects of the foreign exchange markets. Therefore, you should carefully review the disclosures contained in this document to determine whether such trading is appropriate for you in light of you particular financial condition. There are also risks associated with utilizing an internet-based deal execution system software application, and computerized trading and money management tools including, but not limited to, the failure of the hardware and software. PAST PERFORMANCE DOES NOT NECESSARILY GUARANTEE FUTURE RESULTS, nor does it guarantee freedom from losses. The information contained herein should not be construed as an offer to buy or sell commodities, futures, securities, or any type of investment. Elite E Services highly recommends that before making a decision, the reader collects several opinions related to the decision and verify facts from several independent sources. ADDITIONAL WEB DISCLAIMER: ALTHOUGH IT IS POSSIBLE TO PROFIT BY TRADING FOREIGN EXCHANGE, IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE TO LOSE 100 OF YOUR DEPOSIT. THERE IS A HIGHER PROBABILITY OF LOSING VS. WINNING GIVEN ENOUGH TIME. FOREIGN EXCHANGE TRADING IS EXTREMELY RISKY AND IS ONLY FOR THE SOPHISTOCATED INVESTOR WITH AN ABOVE AVERAGE UNDERSTANDING OF CURRENCY MARKETS. RISK CAPITAL SHOULD BE USED WHEN TRADING FX SYSTEMS, DEFINED AS CAPITAL THAT ONE CAN AFFORD TO LOSE 100. ANY INVESTOR MUST CONSIDER THE RISKS OF FOREX TRADING AND DETERMINE IF IT IS APPROPRIATE FOR HIM or HER. THIS WEBSITE IS NOT A SOLICITATION TO INVEST IN FOREIGN EXCHANGE SYSTEMS, THIS WEBSITE DOES NOT RECOMMEND ANY PARTICULAR INVESTMENT. Elite E Services, 2012 - eliteeservices. net. قالب بسيط. Powered by Blogger. On Diogenes inscription THE EPICUREAN INSCRIPTION. M. F. Smith. Bibilopolis 1993. Introduction, text and translation of the fragments recovered until 1991. SUPPLEMENT TO DIOGENES OF OINOANDA. The epicurean inscription. M. F. Smith. Bibilopolis 2003. Text and translation of the fragments recovered from 1992 to 2003. THE PHILOSOPHICAL INSCRIPTION OF DIOGENES OF OINOANDA. M. F. Smith. sterreiche Akademie der Wissenschaften 1996. Text, drawings and description of the fragments recovered until 1996. EPICURUS IN LYCIA. The Second-Century World of Diogenes of Oinoanda. P. Gordon. University of Michigan Press 1996. Depicts Diogenes not just as an orthodox epicurean and places him and his work in the revival of the second sophistic and return to classicists. PARADOSIS amp SURVIVAL. Three Chapters in the History of Epicurean Philosophy. D. Clay. University of Michigan Press 1998. On the current work at Oinoanda ANATOLICA EPIGRAPHICA 39 (2006). Zum Text der Epikureischen Inschrift des Diogenes von Oinoanda (in German). Download . ANATOLICA EPIGRAPHICA 40 (2007). The inscription of Diogenes of Oinoanda. M. F. Smith, J. Hammerstaedt. Download . ANATOLICA EPIGRAPHICA 41 (2008). Diogenes of Oinoanda: The discoveries of 2008 (NF142-167). Jurgen Hammerstaedt, M. F. Smith Download. ANATOLICA EPIGRAPHICA 42 (2009). Diogenes of Oinoanda: The discoveries of 2009 (NF167-181). Jurgen Hammerstaedt, M. F. Smith. تحميل. ANATOLICA EPIGRAPHICA 43 (2010). Diogenes of Oinoanda: The discoveries of 2010 (NF 182-190) Jurgen Hammerstaedt, M. F. Smith. تحميل. ANATOLICA EPIGRAPHICA 44 (2011). Diogenes of Oinoanda: The discoveries of 2011 (NF 182-205 and additions to NF 127 to 130) Jurgen Hammerstaedt, M. F. Smith. تحميل. EPICURUS. An introduction. J. M. Rist. Cambridge University Press 1972. THE GREEK ATOMISTS AND EPICURUS. C. Bailey. Oxford University Press 1928 reimp. Russell amp Russell 1964. EPICUREANISM. W. Wallace. Edicions Enoanda 2014. Buy here in e-book . EPICURUS. G. A. Panichas. Twayne Publishers 1967. EPICURUS AND HIS PHILOSOPHY. N. W. De Witt. The World Publishing Company 1967. THE FAITH OF EPICURUS. B. Farrington. Basic Books 1967. Epicurus fragments and testimonies EPICUREA. H. Usener. إد. Bompiani 2002. Fragments and testimonies of Epicurus. Greek/Latin text and Italian translation. Studies on Epicureanism and atomism in general DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE DEMOCRITEAN AND EPICUREAN PHILOSPHY OF NATURE. K. Marx. Many editions. EPICURUS AND HIS GODS. A. J. Festugire. Blackwell 1965. HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHY. A. Long. University of California Press 1986. HISTORY OF ANCIENT PHILOSPHY. W. Windelband. Nabu Press 2010. THE CAMBRIDGE COMPANION TO EPICUREANISM. Cambridge University Press 2009. THE SCULPTED WORD. Epicureanism and Philosophycal Recruitment in Ancient Greece. B. Fischer. University of California Press 1982. EPICURUS. His continuing influence and contemporany relevance. Diversos autors. RIT Cary Graphic Art Press 2003. EPICURUS AND DEMOCRITEAN ETHICS. An Archaeology of Ataraxia. J. Warren. Cambridge University Press 2002. STUDIES IN EPICURUS AND ARISTOTLE. P. Merlan. Otto Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden 1960. TWO STUDIES IN THE GREEK ATOMISTS. D. Furley. Princeton University Press 1967. HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHY OF MIND. J. E. Annas. University of California Press 1992. Fragments and testimonies on atomists A HISTORY OF GREEK PHILOSPHY, Vol. 2: The Presocratic Tradition from Parmenides to Democritus. Cambridge University Press 1986. THE PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS. A Critical History with a Selection of Texts. G. S. Kirk, J. E. Raven, M. Schofield. Cambridge University Press 1984. EARLY GREEK PHILOSOPHY. J. Burnet. إد. Adams amp Charles Black 1963.